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Abstract
Present study was an attempt to investigate the bioactive components present in the leaves of Guaiacum officinale using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis and study the anti-inflammatory potential of those constituents using molecular docking studies. GC-MS analysis was done by standard protocol using the equipment JEOL GC MATE II. The identification of components was based on NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) Version-11 library as well as comparison of their retention indices. The molecular docking studies were done using the commercial docking software MCULE, 1-click docking. GCMS analysis of the alcoholic extract showed the presence of ten compounds at different retention times. The phytoconstituent 8,11,14- eicosatrienoic acid was present at high concentration with % peak area of 43.3 at a retention time of 19.43 min followed by 5,7-dihydroxy- 8-methoxy flavone (Wogonin) at a retention time of 17.73. All 10 compounds obtained from GC-MS analysis and diclofenac were used as the ligands in this study, with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), phospholipase A2 and interleukin receptor as the molecular targets. in silico Docking studies revealed that the flavanoid Wogonin is having highest binding potential indicated by least docking score of -8.2, -8 and -6.9 kcal/mol on COX-2, phospholipase A2 and interleukin receptor respectively.
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References
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References
Anonymous, The Useful Plants of India, Publications & Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, India (1986).
C. Orwa, A. Mutu, R. Kindt, R. Jamnadass and S Anthony, Agroforestree Database: A Tree Reference and Selection Guide Version 4.0 (2009).
V.U. Ahmad, N. Bano and S. Bano, Sapogenins from Guaiacum officinale, Phytochemistry, 23, 2613 (1984); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84110-2.
V.U. Ahmad, S. Perveen and S. Bano, Guaiacin A and B from the Leaves of Guaiacum officinale, Planta Med., 55, 307 (1989); https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-962014.
V.U. Ahmad, N. Bano, S. Bano, A. Fatima and L. Kenne, Guaianin, a New Saponin from Guaiacum offcinale, J. Nat . Prod., 49, 784 (1986); https://doi.org/10.1021/np50047a003.
M. Duwiejua, I.J. Zeitlin, P.G. Waterman and A.I. Gray, Anti-inflammatory Activity of Polygonum bistorta, Guaiacum officinale and Hamamelis virginiana in Rats, J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 46, 286 (1994); https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1994.tb03795.x.
H.I. Lowe, N.J. Toyang, A. Heredia, C. T. Watson and J. Bryant, Anti HIV-1 Activity of the Crude Extracts of Guaiacum officinale L. (Zygophyllaceae), Eur. J. Med. Plants, 4, 483 (2014); https://doi.org/10.9734/EJMP/2014/7343.
A. Azab, A. Nassar and A.N. Azab, Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Natural Products, Molecules, 21, 1321 (2016); https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21101321.
G. Yuan, M.L. Wahlqvist, M. Yang and D. Li, Natural Products and Anti-inflammatory Activity, Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr., 15, 143 (2006).
J.B. Harborne, Phytochemical Methods - A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis, Chapman and Hall: New York, edn. 2, pp. 1-10 (1984).
K. Srinivasan and S. Kumaravel, Int. J. Pharm. Pharm Sci., 8, 1 (2016).
B.J. Orlando and M.G. Malkowski, Crystal Structure of Rofecoxib Bound to Human Cyclooxygenase-2, Acta Cryst., F72, 772 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1107/S2053230X16014230.
E.A. Dennis and P.C. Norris, Eicosanoid Storm in Infection and Inflammation, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 15, 511 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3859.
Z. Wang, H. Wesche, T. Stevens, N. Walker and C.Yeh, IRAK-4 Inhibitors for Inflammation, Curr. Top. Med. Chem., 9, 724 (2009); https://doi.org/10.2174/156802609789044407.
C.A. Lipinski, Drug-Like Properties and the Causes of Poor Solubility and Poor Permeability, J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods, 44, 235 (2000); https://doi.org/10.1016/S1056-8719(00)00107-6.
R.R. Mittal, R.A. McKinnon and M.J. Sorich, Comparison Data Sets for Benchmarking QSAR Methodologies in Lead Optimization, J. Chem. Inf. Model., 49, 18101820 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1021/ci900117m.
V. Srivastava, S.P. Gupta, M.I. Siddiqi and B.N. Mishra, Molecular Docking Studies on Quinazoline Antifolate Derivatives as Human Thymidylate Synthase Inhibitors, Bioinformatics, 4, 357 (2010); https://doi.org/10.6026/97320630004357.
H.P. Kim, K.H. Son, H.W. Chang and S.S. Kang, Anti-Inflammatory Plant Flavonoids and Cellular Action Mechanisms, J. Pharmacol. Sci., 96, 229 (2004); https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.crj04003x.
T. Lian and S. Liao, Inhibition of Steroid 5a-Reductase by Specific Aliphatic Unsaturated Fatty Acids, Biochem. J., 285, 557 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2850557.