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Abstract
Chiral synthesis of centrally acting muscle relaxant (S)-mephenesin was achieved using L-proline catalyzed a-aminoxylation of 3-(2-methyl-phenxoy)propanal as chirality induction step. The chiral synthesis started with commercially available 2-cresol and was accomplished in four steps with overall yield 56%. The enantiomeric excess of final product (S)-mephenesin is >98%. The chiral purity was determined by chiral-HPLC using Chiralcel-OD column. The synthesis involves oxidation of primary alcohol to aldehyde with iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) as one of the steps.
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References
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- S.P. Panchgalle, R.G. Gore, S.P. Chavan and U.R. Kalkote, Organocatalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of b-Blockers: (S)-Propranolol and (S)-Naftopidil, Tetrahedron Asymm., 20, 1767 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.07.002
- S.P. Panchgalle, S.S. Kunte, S.P. Chavan and U.R. Kalkote, Exploration of L-Proline-Catalyzed a-Aminoxylation of Aldehyde to (S)-Guaifenesin-Related Drug Molecules, Synth. Commun., 41, 1938 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1080/00397911.2010.493631
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References
W.H. Brooks, W.C. Guida and K.G. Daniel, The Significance of Chirality in Drug Design and Development, Curr. Top. Med. Chem., 11, 760 (2011); https://doi.org/10.2174/156802611795165098
L.D. Barron, Chirality and Life, Space Sci. Rev., 135, 187 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-007-9254-7
F. Faigl, E. Fogassy, M. Nogradi, E. Palovics and J. Schindler, Strategies in Optical Resolution: A Practical Guide, Tetrahedron Asymm., 19, 519 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tetasy.2008.02.004
A. Ghanem and H.Y. Aboul-Enein, Lipase-Mediated Chiral Resolution of Racemates in Organic Solvents, Tetrahedron Asymm., 15, 3331 (2004); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.09.019
D.J. Ager and M.L. East, Asymmetric Synthetic Methodology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Ed.: 1st, pp. 1-512 (1995).
M. Christmann and S. Brase, Asymmetric Synthesis: The Essentials, Wiley: New York, Ed.: 2nd, pp. 1-395 (2007).
J.D. Morrison, Asymmetric Synthesis, Academic Press: New York, vol. 1-5, pp. 1-392 (2012).
V. Andrushk and N. Andrushko, Stereoselective Synthesis of Drugs and Natural Products, Wiley: New York, Ed.: 1st, pp. 1-1836 (2013).
W.S. Knowles, Asymmetric Hydrogenations (Nobel Lecture), Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 41, 1998 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3773(20020617)41:12<1998::AID-ANIE1998>3.0.CO;2-8
R. Noyori, Asymmetric Catalysis: Science and Opportunities (Nobel Lecture), Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 41, 2008 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3773(20020617)41:12<2008::AID-ANIE2008>3.0.CO;2-4
K.B. Sharpless, Searching for New Reactivity (Nobel Lecture), Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 41, 2024 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3773(20020617)41:12<2024::AID-ANIE2024>3.0.CO;2-O
F.D. Toste and S.-L. You, Asymmetric Synthesis Enabled by Organometallic Complexes, Organometallics, 38, 3899 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00627
P.I. Dalko and L. Moisan, Enantioselective Organocatalysis, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 40, 3726 (2001); https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3773(20011015)40:20<3726::AID-ANIE3726>3.0.CO;2-D
P.I. Dalko and L. Moisan, In the Golden Age of Organocatalysis, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 43, 5138 (2004); https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200400650
K.N. Houk and B. List, Asymmetric Organocatalysis, Acc. Chem. Res., 37, 487 (2004); https://doi.org/10.1021/ar040216w
B. List, Organocatalysis: A Complementary Catalysis Strategy Advances Organic Synthesis, Adv. Synth. Catal., 346, 1021 (2004); https://doi.org/10.1002/adsc.200404163
C. Bolm, Catalysis with Organic Molecules: A Success Story in Modern Catalytic Chemistry, Adv. Synth. Catal., 346, 1022 (2004); https://doi.org/10.1002/adsc.200404222
J. Seayad and B. List, Asymmetric Organocatalysis, Org. Biomol. Chem., 3, 719 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1039/b415217b
Y. Zhang and W. Wang, Recent Advances in Organocatalytic Asymmetric Michael Reactions, Catal. Sci. Technol., 2, 42 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1039/C1CY00334H
B. List, R.A. Lerner and C.F. Barbas, Proline-Catalysed Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reactions, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 122, 2395 (2000); https://doi.org/10.1021/ja994280y
Y. Alvarez-Casao, E. Marques-Lopez and R.P. Herrera, Organocatalytic Enantioselective Henry Reactions, Symmetry, 3, 220 (2011); https://doi.org/10.3390/sym3020220
R.I. Storer, D.E. Carrera, Y. Ni and D.W.C. MacMillan, Enantioselective Organocatalytic Reductive Amination, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 84 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1021/ja057222n
T. Vilaivan and W. Bhanthumnavin, Organocatalyzed Asymmetric a-Oxidation, a-Aminoxylation and a-Amination of Carbonyl Compounds, Molecules, 15, 917 (2010); https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15020917
Y. Hayashi, J. Yamaguchi, K. Hibino and M. Shoji, Direct Proline Catalyzed Asymmetric a-Aminoxylation of Aldehydes, Tetrahedron Lett., 44, 8293 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.09.057
S.P. Brown, M.P. Brochu, C.J. Sinz and D.W.C. MacMillan, The Direct and Enantioselective Organocatalytic a-Oxidation of Aldehydes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, 10808 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1021/ja037096s
G. Zhong, A Facile and Rapid Route to Highly Enantiopure 1,2-Diols by Novel Catalytic Asymmetric a-Aminoxylation of Aldehydes, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 42, 4247 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200352097
I.A. Sayyed, V.V. Thakur, M.D. Nikalje, G.K. Dewkar, S.P. Kotkar and A. Sudalai, Asymmetric Synthesis of Aryloxypropanolamines via OsO4-Catalyzed Asymmetric Dihydroxylation, Tetrahedron, 61, 2831 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2005.01.074
M. Muthukrishnan, D.R. Garud, R.R. Joshi and R.A. Joshi, Concise Synthesis of b-Blockers (S)-Metoprolol and (S)-Betaxolol using Hydrolytic Kinetic Resolution, Tetrahedron, 63, 1872 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2006.12.016
R.B. Kawthekar and G.-J. Kim, Enantioselective Synthesis of b-Blockers via Hydrolytic Kinetic Resolution of Terminal Oxiranes by using Bimetallic Chiral {{2,2¢-[cyclohexane-1,2-diylbis(nitrilomethyli-dyne)]bis[phenolato]}(2-)}cobalt ([Co(salen)])-Type Complexes, Helv. Chim. Acta, 91, 317 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1002/hlca.200890037
F. Theil, S. Ballschuh, A. Kunath and H. Schick, Kinetic Resolution of rac-3-(2-Methylphenoxy)propane-1,2-diol (Mephenesin) by Sequential Lipase-Catalyzed Transesterification, Tetrahedron Asymm., 2, 1031 (1991); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0957-4166(00)86153-4
F. Theil, K. Lemke, S. Ballschuh, A. Kunath and H. Schick, Lipase-Catalysed Resolution of 3-Aryloxy-1,2-propanediol Derivatives-towards an Improved Active Site Model of Pseudomonas cepacia Lipase (Amano PS), Tetrahedron Asymm., 6, 1323 (1995); https://doi.org/10.1016/0957-4166(95)00166-M
S.P. Panchgalle, R.G. Gore, S.P. Chavan and U.R. Kalkote, Organocatalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of b-Blockers: (S)-Propranolol and (S)-Naftopidil, Tetrahedron Asymm., 20, 1767 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.07.002
S.P. Panchgalle, S.S. Kunte, S.P. Chavan and U.R. Kalkote, Exploration of L-Proline-Catalyzed a-Aminoxylation of Aldehyde to (S)-Guaifenesin-Related Drug Molecules, Synth. Commun., 41, 1938 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1080/00397911.2010.493631
A.A. Bredikhin, Z.A. Bredikhina, V.G. Novikova, A.V. Pashagin, D.V. Zakharychev and A.T. Gubaidullin, Three Different Types of Chirality-Driven Crystallization within the Series of Uniformly Substituted Phenyl Glycerol Ethers, Chirality, 20, 1092 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1002/chir.20648