Main Article Content
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine potency of newly synthe-sized flavonoids ligands against urease enzyme, which take place through strong bond formation between ligands and amino acid of the active site of urease and metal ions [Ni(I), Ni(II)]. In order to correctly valuate ligands, molecular dynamic simulation was used. Simulation studies revealed scientific information such as perfect bond contribution, percentage contribution of bonds and stability of bonds with variable time length. Afterwards, the analysis of binding free energy and complex stability has been done through the molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area continuum solvation (MM/GBSA) method. Then, the root mean square deviation (RMSD) was used as post-docking scoring approach. Interestingly, compound number 28 was found to be the most potent candidate in terms of antiurease activity. The study also suggested that further modification of base ligands with electronegative substituents could enhance potency of the potential drug candidates.
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References
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References
S. Kumar and A.K. Pandey, Chemistry and Biological Activities of Flavo-noids: An Overview, The Scient. World J., Article ID 162750 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/162750.
E.J. Middleton, Effect of Plant Flavonoids on Immune and Inflam-matory Cell Function, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 439, 175 (1998).
R. Koes, W. Verweij and F. Quattrocchio, Flavonoids: A Colorful Model for the Regulation and Evolution of Biochemical Pathways, Trends Plant Sci., 10, 236 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2005.03.002.
J. Mol, E. Grotewold and R. Koes, How Genes Paint Flowers and Seeds, Trends Plant Sci., 3, 212 (1998); https://doi.org/10.1016/S1360-1385(98)01242-4.
B. Winkel-Shirley, Biosynthesis of Flavonoids and Effects of Stress, Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 5, 218 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-5266(02)00256-X.
H.D. Bradshaw and D.W. Schemske, Allele Substitution at a Flower Colour Locus Produces a Pollinator Shift in Monkey Flowers, Nature, 426, 176 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02106.
T.S. Feild, D.W. Lee and N.M. Holbrook, Why Leaves Turn Red in Autumn. The Role of Anthocyanins in Senescing Leaves of Red-Osier Dogwood, Plant Physiol., 127, 566 (2001); https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.010063.
S. Pollastri and M. Tattini, Flavonols: Old Compounds for Old Roles, Ann. Bot., 108, 1225 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcr234.
J. Ferrer, M. Austin, C.J. Stewart Jr. and J. Noel, Structure and Function of Enzymes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Phenylpropanoids, Plant Physiol. Biochem., 46, 356 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.12.009.
C. Manach, A. Scalbert, C. Morand, C. Rémésy and L. Jiménez, Polyphenols: Food Sources and Bioavailability, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 79, 727 (2004); https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/79.5.727.
T. Iwashina, Flavonoid Properties of five Families Newly Incorporated into the Order Caryophyllales (Review), Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., 39, 25 (2013).
A.N. Panche, A.D. Diwan and S.R. Chandra, Flavonoids: An Overview, J. Nutr. Sci., 5, e47 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2016.41.
A.V. Anand David, R. Arulmoli and S. Parasuraman, Overviews of Biol-ogical Importance of Quercetin: A Bioactive Flavonoid, Pharmacogn. Rev., 10, 84 (2016); https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.194044.
http://www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata/flav.
K.S. Sridevi Sangeetha and S. Umamaheswari, Flavonoids: Therapeutic Potential of Natural Pharmacological Agents, Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res., 7, 3924 (2016).
S.C. Tiwari and N. Husain, Biological Activities and Role of Flavonoids in Human Health–A Review, Indian J. Sci. Res., 12, 193 (2017).
Z.P. Xiao, X.D. Wang, Z.-Y. Peng, S. Huang, P. Yang, Q.-S. Li, L.-H. Zhou, X.-J. Hu, L.-J. Wu, Y. Zhou and H.-L. Zhu, Molecular Docking, Kinetics Study, and Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis of Quercetin and Its Analogous as Helicobacter pylori Urease Inhibitors, J. Agric. Food Chem., 60, 10572 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1021/jf303393n.
S. Release, 2017-1: LigPrep, Schrödinger, LLC: New York (2017).
M.J. Hayes, M. Stein and J. Weiser, Accurate Calculations of Ligand Binding Free Energies: Chiral Separation with Enantioselective Receptors, J. Phys. Chem. A, 108, 3572 (2004); https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0373797.
H.M. Berman, J. Westbrook, Z. Feng, G. Gilliland, T.N. Bhat, H. Weissig I.N. Shindyalov and P.E. Bourne, The Protein Data Bank, Nucl. Aci. Res., 28, 235 (2000); https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/28.1.235.
Prime, Tool for Energy Calculations, Schrödinger, LLC: New York (2017).
Glide, Tool for docking, Schrödinger, LLC: New York (2017).
E.R. Schreiter, M.D. Sintchak, Y. Guo, P.T. Chivers, R.T. Sauer and C.L. Drennan, Crystal Structure of the Nickel-Responsive Transcription Factor NikR, Nat. Struct. Biol., 10, 794 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1038/nsb985.
M.A. Pearson, L.O. Michel, R.P. Hausinger and P.A. Karplus, Structures of Cys319 Variants and Acetohydroxamate-Inhibited Klebsiella aerogenes Urease, Biochem., 36, 8164 (1997); https://doi.org/10.1021/bi970514j.
Desmond Molecular Dynamics System, Maestro-Desmond Interoperability Tools, D. E. Shaw Research, New York, NY, (2017).