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Abstract
The present study deals with the extraction of total essential oils from medicinal plant Ocimum sanctum (Purple) in four different seasons of 2010 calendar year. Extraction of total essential oil content of plant materials was carried out by Soxhlet extraction whereas extraction of volatile oils by steam distillation using Clevenger type apparatus. Total essential oil and volatile oils are more in winter season (November month) whereas very less quantity in summer season (May month). Eugenol is the major constituent present in the plant. The percentage composition of eugenol in four seasons was found from gas chromatography analysis.
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References
- J. Bruneton, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants: Essential Oils, Lavoisier Publishing: New York, edn 2, pp. 461-780 (1999).
- F. Bakkali, S. Averbeck, D. Averbeck and M. Idaomar, Biological Effects of Essential Oils – A Review, Food Chem. Toxicol., 46, 446 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106.
- C.I. Hedge, eds.: R.M. Harley and T. Reynolds, A Global Survey of the Biogeography of the Labiatae, In: Advances in Labiatae Science, Royal Botanical Gardens: Kew, London, pp. 7-17 (1992).
- P.K. Mukherjee, K. Maiti, K. Mukherjee and P.J. Houghton, Leads from Indian Medicinal Plants with Hypoglycemic Potentials, J. Ethnopharmacol., 106, 1 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.03.021.
- R.K. Jaggi, R. Madaan and B. Singh Anticonvulsant Potential of Holy Basil Ocimum sanctum Linn. and its Cultures, Indian J. Exp. Biol., 14, 1329 (2003).
- J. Janick, Perspectives on New Crops and New Uses, ASHS Press: Alexandria (1999).
- C.V. Nakamura, T. Ueda-Nakamura, E. Bando, A.F. Melo, D.A. Cortez and B.P. Dias Filho, Antibacterial Activity of Ocimum gratissimum L. Essential Oil, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 94, 675 (1999); https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761999000500022.
- B.A. Iwalokun, G.O. Gbenle, T.A. Adewole and K.A. Akinsinde, Shigellocidal Properties of three Nigerian Medicinal Plants: Ocimum gratissimum, Terminalia avicennoides, and Momordica balsamina, J. Health Popul. Nutr., 19, 331 (2001); https://doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v19i4.109.
- R.F. Vieira, R.J. Grayer, A. Paton and J.E. Simon, Genetic Diversity of Ocimum gratissimum L. Based on Volatile Oil Constituents, Flavonoids and RAPD Markers, Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 29, 287 (2001); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(00)00062-4.
- S. Rajeshwari, Ocimum sanctum: The Indian Home Remedy, In: Current Medical Science, Cipla Ltd. Bombay Central: Bombay (1992).
- S. Khanna, S.R. Gupta and S.K. Grover, Effect of Long Term Feeding of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.) on Reproductive Performance of Adult Albino Rats, Indian J. Exp. Biol., 24, 302 (1986).
- K.P. Bhargava and N. Singh, Anti-Stress Activity of Ocimum sanctum Linn., Indian J. Med. Res., 73, 443 (1981).
- A. Ray, Recent Trends in Stress Research: Focus on Adaptogenesis, Proc. XXXVIIIth Conference of Indian Pharmacological Society held at Punjabi University, Patiala: India, Nov. 23–26, p. 68(1995).
- A. Sarkar, S.C. Lavania, D.N. Pandey and M.C. Pant, Changes in the Blood Lipid Profile after Administration of Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) Leaves in the Normal Albino Rabbits, Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 38, 311 (1994).
- J. Sethi, S. Sood, S. Seth and A. Thakur, A. Protective effect of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) on Lipid Peroxidation in Stress Induced by Anemic Hypoxia in Rabbits, Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 47, 115 (2003).
- S.P. Mukherji, Ocimum - A Cheap Source of Eugenol, Sci. Rep., 31, 599 (1987).
- M.Z. Ozel and H. Kaymaz, Superheated Water Extraction, Steam Distillation and Soxhlet Extraction of Essential Oils of Origanum onites, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 379, 1127 (2004); https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-004-2671-5.
- J.F. Clevenger, Apparatus for the Determination of Volatile Oil, J. Pharm. Sci., 17, 346 (1928); https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.3080170407.
- B. Ballabh, O.P. Chaurasia, Z. Ahmed and S.B. Singh, Traditional Medicinal Plants of Cold Desert Ladakh-Used Against Kidney and Urinary Disorders, J. Ethnopharmacol., 118, 331 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.04.022.
- M.K. Asha, D. Prashanth, B. Murali, R. Padmaja and A. Amit, Anthelmintic Activity of Essential Oil of Ocimum sanctum and Eugenol, Fitoterapia, 72, 669 (2001); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(01)00270-2.
References
J. Bruneton, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants: Essential Oils, Lavoisier Publishing: New York, edn 2, pp. 461-780 (1999).
F. Bakkali, S. Averbeck, D. Averbeck and M. Idaomar, Biological Effects of Essential Oils – A Review, Food Chem. Toxicol., 46, 446 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106.
C.I. Hedge, eds.: R.M. Harley and T. Reynolds, A Global Survey of the Biogeography of the Labiatae, In: Advances in Labiatae Science, Royal Botanical Gardens: Kew, London, pp. 7-17 (1992).
P.K. Mukherjee, K. Maiti, K. Mukherjee and P.J. Houghton, Leads from Indian Medicinal Plants with Hypoglycemic Potentials, J. Ethnopharmacol., 106, 1 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.03.021.
R.K. Jaggi, R. Madaan and B. Singh Anticonvulsant Potential of Holy Basil Ocimum sanctum Linn. and its Cultures, Indian J. Exp. Biol., 14, 1329 (2003).
J. Janick, Perspectives on New Crops and New Uses, ASHS Press: Alexandria (1999).
C.V. Nakamura, T. Ueda-Nakamura, E. Bando, A.F. Melo, D.A. Cortez and B.P. Dias Filho, Antibacterial Activity of Ocimum gratissimum L. Essential Oil, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 94, 675 (1999); https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761999000500022.
B.A. Iwalokun, G.O. Gbenle, T.A. Adewole and K.A. Akinsinde, Shigellocidal Properties of three Nigerian Medicinal Plants: Ocimum gratissimum, Terminalia avicennoides, and Momordica balsamina, J. Health Popul. Nutr., 19, 331 (2001); https://doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v19i4.109.
R.F. Vieira, R.J. Grayer, A. Paton and J.E. Simon, Genetic Diversity of Ocimum gratissimum L. Based on Volatile Oil Constituents, Flavonoids and RAPD Markers, Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 29, 287 (2001); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(00)00062-4.
S. Rajeshwari, Ocimum sanctum: The Indian Home Remedy, In: Current Medical Science, Cipla Ltd. Bombay Central: Bombay (1992).
S. Khanna, S.R. Gupta and S.K. Grover, Effect of Long Term Feeding of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.) on Reproductive Performance of Adult Albino Rats, Indian J. Exp. Biol., 24, 302 (1986).
K.P. Bhargava and N. Singh, Anti-Stress Activity of Ocimum sanctum Linn., Indian J. Med. Res., 73, 443 (1981).
A. Ray, Recent Trends in Stress Research: Focus on Adaptogenesis, Proc. XXXVIIIth Conference of Indian Pharmacological Society held at Punjabi University, Patiala: India, Nov. 23–26, p. 68(1995).
A. Sarkar, S.C. Lavania, D.N. Pandey and M.C. Pant, Changes in the Blood Lipid Profile after Administration of Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) Leaves in the Normal Albino Rabbits, Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 38, 311 (1994).
J. Sethi, S. Sood, S. Seth and A. Thakur, A. Protective effect of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) on Lipid Peroxidation in Stress Induced by Anemic Hypoxia in Rabbits, Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 47, 115 (2003).
S.P. Mukherji, Ocimum - A Cheap Source of Eugenol, Sci. Rep., 31, 599 (1987).
M.Z. Ozel and H. Kaymaz, Superheated Water Extraction, Steam Distillation and Soxhlet Extraction of Essential Oils of Origanum onites, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 379, 1127 (2004); https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-004-2671-5.
J.F. Clevenger, Apparatus for the Determination of Volatile Oil, J. Pharm. Sci., 17, 346 (1928); https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.3080170407.
B. Ballabh, O.P. Chaurasia, Z. Ahmed and S.B. Singh, Traditional Medicinal Plants of Cold Desert Ladakh-Used Against Kidney and Urinary Disorders, J. Ethnopharmacol., 118, 331 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.04.022.
M.K. Asha, D. Prashanth, B. Murali, R. Padmaja and A. Amit, Anthelmintic Activity of Essential Oil of Ocimum sanctum and Eugenol, Fitoterapia, 72, 669 (2001); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(01)00270-2.