Main Article Content
Abstract
Dental biofilms inhabit the oral cavity in form of dental plaque which then causes dental caries and periodontal diseases worldwide. Lemon grass essential oil (LGEO) has been reported to exhibit antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against. This study represents the potential of citral and derivatives as antimicrobial and antibiofilm agent against dental microflora. Three bacterial species chiefly responsible for biofilm formation, and five prime colonizer of dental plaque were selected to represent dental microflora. Citral and its derivative viz. citral semicarbazone, exhibited antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against the selected organisms. For the first time, any citral derivative has ever demonstrated to exhibit antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against the oral microflora. However, study could not established citral or its derivatives as more effective, powerful and better herbal material as compared to LGEO to control the oral microflora associated with dental plaque.
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References
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References
N. Sharma, S. Bhatia, A.S. Sodhi and N. Batra, AIMS Microbiol., 4, 42 (2018); https://doi.org/10.3934/microbiol.2018.1.42
R. Saini, S. Saini and S. Sharma, Biofilm: A Dental Microbial Infection, J. Nat. Sci. Biol. Med., 2, 71 (2011); https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-9668.82317
P. Suntharalingam and D.G. Cvitkovitch, Quorum Sensing in Strepto-coccal Biofilm Formation, Trends Microbiol., 13, 3 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2004.11.009
J. Costerton, P.S. Stewart and E. Greenberg, Bacterial Biofilms: A Common Cause of Persistent Infections, Science, 284, 1318 (1999); https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5418.1318
R.M. Donlan, Biofilms and Device-Associated Infections, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 7, 277 (2001); https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0702.010226
R.M. Donlan and J.W. Costerton, Biofilms: Survival Mechanisms of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms, Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 15, 167 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.15.2.167-193.2002
P.D. Marsh, Dental Plaque as a Biofilm and a Microbial Community – Implications for Health and Disease, BMC Oral Health, 6(Suppl 1), S14 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6831-6-S1-S14
R. Yadav and D. Yadav, Dental Disease and its Cure: A Review, Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res., 6, 16 (2013).
R. Malhotra, A. Kapoor, V. Grover and D. Saxena, Comparison of the Effectiveness of a Commercially Available Herbal Mouthrinse with Chlorhexidine Gluconate at the Clinical and Patient Level, J. Indian Soc. Periodontol., 15, 349 (2011); https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-124X.92567
M.Y.M. Ismail, Botanicals Promoting Oral and Dental Hygiene: A Review, Res. J. Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci., 1, 202 (2010).
A. Bhardwaj and S.V. Bhardwaj, J. Intercult. Ethnopharmacol., 1, 62 (2012); https://doi.org/10.5455/jice.20120322035152
P. Kanwar, N. Sharma and A. Rekha, Medicinal Plants Use in Traditional Healthcare Systems Prevalent in Western Himalayas, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl., 5, 300 (2006).
S.V. Ambade and N.M. Deshpande, Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Essential Oil of Cymbopogon citratus against Oral Micro-flora Associated with Dental Plaque, Eur. J. Med. Plants, 28, 1 (2019); https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2019/v28i430143
E.C. Adukwu, M. Bowles, V. Edwards-Jones and H. Bone, Anti-microbial Activity, Cytotoxicity and Chemical Analysis of Lemongrass Essential Oil (Cymbopogon flexuosus) and Pure Citral, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 100, 9619 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-016-7807-y
V.J. Pidiyar, M.S. Patole, K. Jangid and Y.S. Shouche, Studies on Cultured and Uncultured Microbiota of Wild Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquito Midgut Based On 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Analysis, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 70, 597 (2004); https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2004.70.597
J.M. Janda and S.L. Abbott, 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing for Bacterial Identification in the Diagnostic Laboratory: Pluses, Perils and Pitfalls, J. Clin. Microbiol., 45, 2761 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01228-07
S. Narasimhan, S. Ravi and B. Vijayakumar, Synthesis and Antibacterial Activities of Citral Derivatives, Int. J. Chem. Appl., 3, 229 (2011).
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Twenty-Second Inform-ational Supplement, vol. 32, M100 (2012).
J.A. Lemos, J. Abranches, H. Koo, R.E. Marquis and R.A. Burne, eds.: G. Seymour, M. Cullinan, N. Heng, Protocols to Study the Physiology of Oral Biofilms. In: Oral Biology. Methods in Molecular Biology (Methods and Protocols), 666, p. 87 (2010);
C. de B. da Silva, S.S. Guterres, V. Weisheimer and E.E. Schapoval, Antifungal Activity of Lemongrass Oil and Citral against Candida spp., Braz. J. Infect. Dis., 12, 63 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-86702008000100014
E.C. Adukwu, S.C. Allen and C.A. Phillips, The Anti-biofilm Activity of Lemongrass (C ymbopogon flexuosus) and Grapefruit (C itrus paradisi) Essential Oils against Five Strains of S taphylococcus aureus, J. Appl. Microbiol., 113, 1217 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05418.x
X. Jin, J. Wang and J. Bai, Carbohydr. Res., 344, 825 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2009.01.022
S. Jadhav, R.M. Shah, M. Bhave and E. Palombo, Inhibitory Activity of Yarrow Essential Oil on Listeria Planktonic Cells and Biofilms, Food Control, 29, 125 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.05.071
S. Abe, Y. Sato, S. Inoue, H. Ishibashi, N. Maruyama, T. Takizawa, H. Oshima and H. Yamaguchi, Anti-Candida albicans Action of Plant Essential Oils, Especially Lemongrass Essential Oil and Constituent Terpenoid Citral, Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi, 44, 285 (2003); https://doi.org/10.3314/jjmm.44.285
M. Bard, M.R. Albrecht, N. Gupta, C.J. Guynn and W. Stillwell, Geraniol Interferes with Membrane Functions in Strains of Candida and Saccharomyces, Lipids, 23, 534 (1988); https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02535593
P.C. Braga and M. Dal Sasso, Morphostructural Alterations of Candida albicans Induced by Thymol. A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study, J. Chemother., 17(suppl. 3), 109 (2005).
P. Rasoanaivo, C.W. Wright, M.L. Willcox and B. Gilbert, Whole Plant Extracts versus Single Compounds for the Treatment of Malaria: Synergy and Positive Interactions, Malar. J., 10(S4), S4 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-10-S1-S4