Article Sidebar

Download
PDF

Main Article Content

Abstract

Two new sensitive and precise spectrophotometric methods have been proposed and developed for the simultaneous estimation of lamivudine and stavudine in pure mixture and in pharmaceutical binary dosage forms. A new concept of area under curve (AUC) is proposed for simultaneous estimation of two drugs by these methods. Method A involves the use of 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) as analytical reagent and the AUC between 390 nm and 690 nm for DDQ was used for determination. Method B involves the use of p-chloranilic acid: 2,5-dichloro-3,6-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone (p-CA) as an analytical reagent and the AUC between 400 and 700 nm for p-chloranilic acid was used for determination. The methods developed and construction of calibration curves using two analytical reagents viz., DDQ and p-chloranilic acid are described. Optical and analytical parameters for the individual and simultaneous determination of lamivudine and stavudine using AUC are tabulated. The methods have been validated and compared with HPLC methods in terms of standard deviation, t-test and F-test.

Keywords

Spectrophotometry Simultaneous estimation Lamivudine Stavudine p-Chloranilic acid Charge transfer complex Validation 2,3-Dichloro5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone

Article Details

How to Cite
Sayanna, ., Veeraiah, T., & Venkata Ramana Reddy, C. (2020). Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Lamivudine and Stavudine using π-Acceptors as Analytical Reagents. Asian Journal of Organic & Medicinal Chemistry, 5(3), 234–241. https://doi.org/10.14233/ajomc.2020.AJOMC-P274
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX

References

  1. B. Jarvis and D. Faulds, Drugs, 58, 101 (1999); https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199958010-00015
  2. C. Perry and D. Faulds, Lamivudine: A Review of its Antiviral Activity, Pharmacokinetic Properties and Therapeutic Efficacy in the Manage-ment of HIV Infection, Drugs, 53, 657 (1997)
  3. Z. Fox, U.B. Dragsted, J. Gerstoft, A.N. Phillips, J. Kjaer, L. Mathiesen, M. Youle, C. Katlama, A. Hill, J.N. Bruun, N. Clumeck, P. Dellamonica and J.D. Lundgren, Antivir. Ther., 11, 761 (2006).
  4. A. D’aquila, Nevirapine, Zidovudine, and Didanosine Compared with Zidovudine and Didanosine in Patients with HIV-1 Infection, Ann. Intern. Med., 124, 1019 (1996); https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-124-12-199606150-00001
  5. A. Rajasekara, S. Murugesan, K.A. Rajagopal, A.G.I. Blessing, T.N. Chakravarthy and D.S.I. Pusparaj, Spectrophotometric Determination of Lamivudine in Pharmaceutical Preparations, Orient. J. Chem., 16, 563 (2000).
  6. D.G. Sanker, M.V.V.N. Reddy, J.M.R. Kumar and T.K. Murthy, UV Spectrophotometric Determination of Some Anti-Drugs, Asian J. Chem., 14, 433 (2002).
  7. M.V. Baig, G.S. Kapse and S.A. Raju, Spectrophotometric Determination of Lamivudine, Asian J. Chem., 13, 185 (2001).
  8. G.N. Sarma, C.K. Sastry and C.S.P. Sastry, Simple Oxidimetric Methods for Determination of Stavudine or Lamivudine, Asian J. Chem., 14, 683 (2002).
  9. C.S.N. Sharma, C.K. Sastry and C.S.P. Sastry, Determination of Stavudine and Lamivudine by Visible Spectrophotometry, Acta Cienc. Indica Chem., 28, 221 (2002).
  10. S. Appalaraju, A.B. Karadi, G.S. Kamalapurkar and P.S. Sarasambia, Spectrophotometric Determination of Lamivudine, Asian J. Chem., 14, 475 (2001).
  11. M.S. Pallad, P.M.N. Rajesh, M. Chatter and A.R. Bhat, RP-HPLC Determination of Zidovudineand Lamivudine in Tab Dosage Form, Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 67, 110 (2005).
  12. S.B. Wankede, K.R. Gupta and S.G. Wadodkar, Simultaneous High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Estimation of Lamivudine And Stavudine in Tablet Dosage Forms, Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 67, 96 (2005).
  13. G. Aymard, M. Legrand, N. Trichereau and B. Diquet, Determination of Twelve Antiretroviral Agents in Human Plasma Sample using Reversed-Phase High-performance Liquid Chromatography, J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl., 744, 227 (2000); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(00)00225-5
  14. A.S. Pereira, K.B. Kenney, M.S. Cohen, J.E. Hall, J.J. Eron, R.R. Tidwell and J.A. Dunn, Simultaneous Determination of Lamivudine and Zidovudine Concentrations in Human Seminal Plasma using High-performance Liquid Chromatography and Tandem Mass Spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl., 742, 173 (2000); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(00)00162-6
  15. B. Fan and Stewart, Determination of Zidovudine/Lamivudine/Nevirapine in Human Plasma using Ion-Pair HPLC, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 28, 903 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7085(01)00708-7
  16. R.M.W. Hoetelmans, M. Profijt, P.L. Meenhorst, J.W. Mulder and J.H. Beijnen, Quantitative Determination of (-)-2¢-Deoxy-3¢-thiacytidine (Lamivudine) in Human Plasma, Saliva and Cerebrospinal Fluid by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography With Ultraviolet Detection, J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl., 713, 387 (1998); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(98)00218-7
  17. S.A. Ozkan and B. Uslu, Rapid HPLC Assay for Lamivudine in Pharmaceuticals and Human Serum, J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol., 25, 1447 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1081/JLC-120004759
  18. J.D. Moore and G. Valette, A. Dorque and. J.J. Zhon, Simultaneous Quantitation of 5¢-Triphosphate Metabolites of Zidovudine, Lamivudine and Stavudine in Peripheral Mononuclear Blood Cells of HIV Infected Patients by High-performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Am. Soc. Mass Spectrum, 11, 1134 (2000); https://doi.org/10.1016/S1044-0305(00)00178-1
  19. R.S. Plumb, R.D.M. Gray, A.J. Harker and S. Taylor, High-performance Chromatographic Assay for the Sulphoxide Metabolite of 2¢-Deoxy-3¢-thiacytidine in Human Urine, J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Appl., 687, 457 (1996); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(96)00247-2
  20. J.J. Zheng, S.T. Wu and T.A. Emm, High-Performance Liquid Chromato-graphic Assay for the Determination of 2¢-Deoxy-3¢-thiacytidine (Lamivudine) in Human Plasma, J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Appl., 761, 195 (2001); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(01)00332-2
  21. B. Fan and J.T. Stewart, Determination of Lamivudine/Didanosine/Saquinavir in Human Serum using Capillary Zone Electrophoresis, J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol., 25, 241 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1081/JLC-100108742
  22. K. Basavaiah and B.C. Somashekar, Titrimetric and Spectrophotometric methods for the assay of Lamivudine in Pharmaceuticals, J. Sci. Ind. Res. (India), 65, 349 (2006).
  23. V.P. Nagulwar and K.P. Bhusari, A Validated UV Spectrophotometric Method for the Simultaneous Estimation of Lamivudine, Nevirapine and Zidovudine in Combined Tablet Dosage Form, J. Pharm. Res., 2, 666 (2009).
  24. R.M. Mainardes and M.P.D. Gremião, Reversed Phase HPLC Deter-mination of Zidovudine in Rat Plasma and its Pharmacokinetics after a Single Intranasal Dose Administration, Biol. Res., 42, 357 (2009); https://doi.org/10.4067/S0716-97602009000300010
  25. S. Notari, C. Mancone, T. Alonzi, M. Tripodi, P. Narciso and P. Ascenzi, Determination of Abacavir, Amprenavir, Didanosine, Efavirenz, Nevirapine and Stavudine Concentration in Human Plasma by MALDI-TOF/TOF, J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 863, 249 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.01.009
  26. V.P. Devmurari, Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Lamivudine and Abacavir in the Mixture, Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res., 1, 82 (2010).
  27. http://www.rxlist.com/stavudine-drug.htm.
  28. Indian Pharmacopoeia (1996), Addendum 31 (2002).
  29. United States Pharmacopoeia, United States Pharmacopoeia Convention Inc., p 218 (1985).
  30. A. El-Maaboud and I.M.W. Mikre, Saudi Pharm. J., 17, 283 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2009.10.003
  31. K. Basavaiah, V. Ramakrishna, C. Somashekar and U.R.A. Kumar, Sensitive and Rapid Titrimetric and Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Stavudine in Pharmaceuticals Using Bromate-Bromide and Three Dyes, An. Acad. Bras. Cienc., 80, 253 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652008000200003
  32. S. Compain, D. Schlemmer, M. Levi, A. Pruvost, C. Goujard, J. Grassi and H. Benech, Development and Validation of a Liquid Chromato-graphic/Tandem Mass Spectrometric Assay for the Quantitation of Nucleoside HIV Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors in Biological Matrices, J. Mass Spectrom., 40, 9 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1002/jms.752
  33. B. Fan, M.G. Bartlett and J.T. Stewart, Determination of Lamivudine/Stavudine/Efavirenz in Human Serum using Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Ionization Polarity Switch, Biomed. Chromatogr., 16, 383 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.169
  34. Y. Huang, E. Zurlinden, E. Lin, X. Li, J. Tokumoto, J. Golden, A. Murr, J. Engstrom and J. Conte, Liquid Chromatographic–Tandem Mass Spectrometric Assay for the Simultaneous Determination of Didanosine and Stavudine In Human Plasma, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid, Alveolar Cells, Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells, Seminal Plasma, Cerebrospinal Fluid and Tonsil Tissue, J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 799, 51 (2004); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.10.043
  35. R.S.L. Raices, M.C. Salvadori, R.C.E. Estrela, F.R.A. Neto and G. Suarez-Kurtz, Determination of Stavudine in Human Serum by On-Line Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled to High-Performance Liquid Chromato-graphy with Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Application to a Bioequivalence Study, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 17, 1611 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1095
  36. V. Bezy, P. Morin, P. Couerbe, G. Leleu and L. Agrofoglio, Simul-taneous analysis of Several Antiretroviral Nucleosides in Rat-Plasma by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with UV Using Acetic Acid/Hydroxylamine Buffer: Test of this New Volatile Medium-pH for HPLC–ESI-MS/MS, J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 821, 132 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.04.003
  37. A. Tarinas, R.D. Tápanes, G. Ferrer and J. Pérez, Validation of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Methods for Determination of Zidovudine, Stavudine, Lamivudine and Indinavir in Human Plasma, Farm. Hosp., 31, 243 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1016/S1130-6343(07)75381-3
  38. J. Contreras, H.M. González, R. Menéndez and M. López, Development and Validation of a Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatographic Method for Analysis of D4T (Stavudine) in Rat Plasma, J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 801, 199 (2004); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.11.011
  39. T. Wattananat, I. Prasanchaimontri and W. Akarawut, Simultaneous Determination of Stavudine and Lamivudine in Human Plasma by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Its Application to a Bio-availability Study, Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 41, 369 (2010).
  40. B. Fan and J.T. Stewart, Determination of Stavudine/ Didanosine/Saquinavir and Stavudine/Didanosine/Efavirenz in Human Serum by Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography (MEKC), J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol., 25, 937 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1081/JLC-120003271
  41. P. Djurdjevic, A. Laban, S. Markovic and M. Jelikic-Stankov, Chemo-metric Optimization of a RP-HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Analysis of Abacavir, Lamivudine and Zidovudine in Tablets, Anal. Lett., 37, 2649 (2004); https://doi.org/10.1081/AL-200031946
  42. N.R. Pai and A.S. Desai, Simultaneous Estimation of Some Antiretroviral Drugs from Tablets by Reverse Phase HPLC Method, Indian Drugs, 40, 111 (2003).
  43. A. Dunge, N. Sharda, B. Singh and S. Singh, Establishment of Inherent Stability of Stavudine and Development of a Validated Stability-Indicating HPLC Assay Method, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 37, 1115 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2004.09.014
  44. N.L. Rezk, R.R. Tidwell and A.D.M. Kashuba, Simultaneous Deter-mination of Six HIV Nucleoside Analogue Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors and Nevirapine By Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Absorbance Detection, J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 791, 137 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1016/S1570-0232(03)00224-1
  45. M.K. Jocelyn, M.M. Augustin, M.P. Adelard, M.K. Jeremie and K.M. Tresor, Development and Validation of HPLC Methods for Simul-taneous Analysis of Six Antiretrovirals in Pharmaceutical Formulations, J. Anal. Pharm. Res., 8, 200 (2019); https://doi.org/10.15406/japlr.2019.08.00339
  46. N. Kaul, H. Agrawal, A.R. Paradkar and K.R. Mahadik, The ICH Guidance in Practice: Stress Degradation Studies on Stavudine and Development of a Validated Specific Stability-Indicating HPTLC Assay Method, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 43, 406 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/43.8.406
  47. W. Samee, P. Srilamai, R. Suwannaratana, C. Sornchaithawatwong, S. Ongart and S. Vorarat, Simultaneous Determination of Lamivudine, Stavudine and Nevirapine in the Presence of their Acid-Induced Degradation Products by HPLC, Thai Pharm. Health Sci. J., 2, 39 (2007).
  48. Z. Li, C. Ding, Q. Ge, Z. Zhou, X. Zhi and X. Liu, Simultaneous Determination of Lamivudine, Stavudine and Nevirapine in Human Plasma by LC-MS/MS and its Application to Pharmacokinetic Study in Clinic, Biomed. Chromatogr., 24, 926 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.1387
  49. P.H. Prasad, P.M. Patel, D. Vijaysree and K.V. Sharathnath, Simultaneous Estimation of Lamivudine and Stavudine by using RP-HPLC and Method Development as Per ICH Guidelines, Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res., 3, 416 (2012)