Main Article Content
Abstract
The herbicide “glyphosate” known with the trade name of “Round-Up” has been using for 50 years and it is the world’s most widely used herbicide. It has helped to increase the agricultural yields of crops around the world, thus assisting to feed billions of peoples. After Round-Up was declared “probable carcinogen” in 2015 by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), there has been a growing number of claims that glyphosate is the cause of the types of cancer of the most poorly understood origin, such as non-Hodgkin lymphoma. From an analysis of the available literature, the link between non-Hodgkin lymphoma and “Round-Up” is shown to be extremely weak.
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References
- D.D. Baird, Introduction of a New Broad-spectrum Post-emergence Herbicide Class with Utility for Herbaceous Perennial Weed Control; In: Proceedings of the 26th North Central Weed Conference (Kansas City, USA, 7-9 December 1971). North Central Weed Science Society (1971).
- C.M. Benbrook, Trends in Glyphosate Herbicide use in The United States and Globally, Environ. Sci. Eur., 28, 3 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-016-0070-0
- S.O. Duke and S.B. Powles, Glyphosate: A Once in a Century Herbicide, Pestic. Sci., 64, 319 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1518
- H. Ritchie, Yields vs. Land Use: How the Green Revolution enabled us to Feed a Growing Population (2017); https://ourworldindata.org/yields-vs-land-use-how-has-the-world-produced-enough-food-for-a-growing-population
- Mayoclinic.org, n.d. Non-hodgkins-lymphoma www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/non-hodgkins-lymphoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20375680 (Accessed June 9, 2020).
- G. Andreotti, S. Koutros, J.N. Hofmann, D.P. Sandler, J.H. Lubin, C.F. Lynch, C.C. Lerro, A.J. De Roos, C.G. Parks, M.C. Alavanja, D.T. Silverman and L.E. Beane Freeman, Glyphosate Use and Cancer Incidence in the Agricultural Health Study, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 110, 509 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djx233
- J. Acquavella, D. Garabrant, G. Marsh, T. Sorahan and D.L. Weed, Glyphosate Epidemiology Expert Panel Review: A Weight of Evidence Systematic Review of the Relationship Between Glyphosate Exposure and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma or Multiple Myeloma, Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 46(Suppl.1), 28 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2016.1214681
- L. Zhang, I. Rana, R.M. Shaffer, E. Taioli and L. Sheppard, Exposure to Glyphosate-Based Herbicides and Risk for Non-hodgkin Lymphoma: A Meta-analysis and Supporting Evidence, Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res., 781, 186 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.02.001
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- D. Cressey, Widely used Herbicide Linked to Cancer, Nature, 24, 1 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2015.17181
- Healthline, n.d. What Causes Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?; www.healthline.com/health/non-hodgkins-lymphoma#symptoms (Accessed June 9, 2020).
- G.M. Williams, M. Aardema, J. Acquavella, S.C. Berry, D. Brusick, M.M. Burns, J.L. de Camargo, D. Garabrant, H.A. Greim, L.D. Kier, D.J. Kirkland, G. Marsh, K.R. Solomon, T. Sorahan, A. Roberts and D.L. Weed, A Review of the Carcinogenic Potential of Glyphosate by Four Independent Expert Panels and Comparison to the IARC Assessment, Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 46(sup1), 3 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2016.1214677
- EPA, 2017; EPA Releases Draft Risk Assessments for Glyphosate (2017); www.epa.gov/pesticides/epa-releases-draft-risk-assessments-glyphosate (Accessed June 9, 2020).
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- G. McFarland, E. La Joie, P. Thomas and J. Lyons-Weiler, Acute Exposure and Chronic Retention of Aluminum in Three Vaccine Schedules and Effects of Genetic and Environmental Variation, J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 58, 126444 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.126444
- L. Angrand, A.A. Elnar, F.J. Authier, R.K. Gherardi and G. Crépeaux, Aluminium Adjuvant Exposure through Vaccines in France in 2018, Ann. Pharm. Fr., 78, 111 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharma.2020.01.002
- M. Mold, E. Shardlow and C. Exley, . Insight into the Cellular Fate and Toxicity of Aluminium Adjuvants used in Clinically Approved Human Vaccinations, Sci. Rep., 6, 31578 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31578
- C. Exley and M.J. Mold, Aluminium in Human Brain Tissue: How Much is too Much? J. Biol. Inorg. Chem., 24, 1279 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-019-01710-0
- M. Roser and H. Ritchie, Cancer. ourworldindata.org/cancer (2019); (Accessed June 9, 2020).
- F. Maggi, D. la Cecilia, F.H. Tang and A. McBratney, The Global Environmental Hazard of Glyphosate Use, Sci. Total Environ., 717, 137167 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137167
- F.H. Tang, T.C. Jeffries, R.W. Vervoort, C. Conoley, N.V. Coleman and F. Maggi, Microcosm Experiments and Kinetic Modeling of Glyphosate Biodegradation in Soils and Sediments, Sci. Total Environ., 658, 105 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.179
- K.L.E. Kaiser, Jury-Rigging The Round-Up Carcinogen Case? (2019). www.principia-scientific.org/jury-rigging-the-round-up-carcinogen-case/ (Accessed June 9, 2020).
- J.V. Tarazona, D. Court-Marques, M. Tiramani, H. Reich, R. Pfeil, F. Istace and F. Crivellente, Glyphosate Toxicity and Carcinogenicity: A review of the Scientific Basis of the European Union assessment and its Differences with IARC, Arch. Toxicol., 91, 2723 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-017-1962-5
- World Health Organization, 2017. Pesticide residues in food-2016: toxicological evaluations. Joint Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the Environment and the WHO Core Assessment Group on Pesticide Residues, Geneva, Switzerland, 9-13 May 2016. InPesticide residues in food-2016: toxicological evaluations. Joint Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the Environment and the WHO Core Assessment Group on Pesticide Residues, Geneva, Switzerland, 9-13 May 2016. World Health Organization.
- Bfr-2015, BfR-Contribution to the EU-Approval Process of Glyphosate is Finalized. BfR Recommends the Consideration of the Report of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in the EU-Approval process. BfR Communication No 008/2015 (2015); www.bfr.bund.de/cm/349/bfr-contribution-to-the-eu-approval-process-of-glyphosate-is-finalised.pdf (Accessed June 9, 2020).
- K. Ludlow, Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Society, vol. 1, pp. 38-39 (2010).
- EPA, 2015. Cancer Assessment Review Committe, HED, Office of Pesticides Program, US EPA (October 1, 2015). Evaluation of the Carcinogenic potential of Glyphosate, Final Report (2015); www.src.bna.com/eAi (Accessed June 9, 2020).
- EPA, 2019, Glyphosate (2019); www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/glyphosate (Accessed June 9, 2020).
- E.T. Chang and E. Delzell, Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Glyphosate Exposure and Risk of Lymphohematopoietic Cancers, J. Environ. Sci. Health B, 51, 402 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2016.1142748
- F. Donato, E. Pira, C. Ciocan and P. Boffetta, Exposure to Glyphosate and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma: An Updated Meta-Analysis, La Medicina del Lavoro., 111, 63 (2020).
- M.E. Leon, L.H. Schinasi, P. Lebailly, L.E. Beane Freeman, K.C. Nordby, G. Ferro, A. Monnereau, M. Brouwer, S. Tual, I. Baldi, K. Kjaerheim, J.N. Hofmann, P. Kristensen, S. Koutros, K. Straif, H. Kromhout and J. Schüz, Pesticide Use and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoid Malignancies in Agricultural Cohorts from France, Norway and The USA: A Pooled Analysis from the AGRICOH Consortium, Int. J. Epidemiol., 48, 1519 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz017
- I. Barukèic, Glyphosate and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: No Causal Relationship, J. Drug Deliv. Ther., 10(1-s), 6 (2020); https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i1-s.3856
References
D.D. Baird, Introduction of a New Broad-spectrum Post-emergence Herbicide Class with Utility for Herbaceous Perennial Weed Control; In: Proceedings of the 26th North Central Weed Conference (Kansas City, USA, 7-9 December 1971). North Central Weed Science Society (1971).
C.M. Benbrook, Trends in Glyphosate Herbicide use in The United States and Globally, Environ. Sci. Eur., 28, 3 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-016-0070-0
S.O. Duke and S.B. Powles, Glyphosate: A Once in a Century Herbicide, Pestic. Sci., 64, 319 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1518
H. Ritchie, Yields vs. Land Use: How the Green Revolution enabled us to Feed a Growing Population (2017); https://ourworldindata.org/yields-vs-land-use-how-has-the-world-produced-enough-food-for-a-growing-population
Mayoclinic.org, n.d. Non-hodgkins-lymphoma www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/non-hodgkins-lymphoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20375680 (Accessed June 9, 2020).
G. Andreotti, S. Koutros, J.N. Hofmann, D.P. Sandler, J.H. Lubin, C.F. Lynch, C.C. Lerro, A.J. De Roos, C.G. Parks, M.C. Alavanja, D.T. Silverman and L.E. Beane Freeman, Glyphosate Use and Cancer Incidence in the Agricultural Health Study, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 110, 509 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djx233
J. Acquavella, D. Garabrant, G. Marsh, T. Sorahan and D.L. Weed, Glyphosate Epidemiology Expert Panel Review: A Weight of Evidence Systematic Review of the Relationship Between Glyphosate Exposure and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma or Multiple Myeloma, Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 46(Suppl.1), 28 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2016.1214681
L. Zhang, I. Rana, R.M. Shaffer, E. Taioli and L. Sheppard, Exposure to Glyphosate-Based Herbicides and Risk for Non-hodgkin Lymphoma: A Meta-analysis and Supporting Evidence, Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res., 781, 186 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.02.001
IARC, 2019. General Information About Carcinogens (2019); www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/general-info/known-and-probable-human-carcinogens.html (Accessed June 9, 2020).
D. Cressey, Widely used Herbicide Linked to Cancer, Nature, 24, 1 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2015.17181
Healthline, n.d. What Causes Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?; www.healthline.com/health/non-hodgkins-lymphoma#symptoms (Accessed June 9, 2020).
G.M. Williams, M. Aardema, J. Acquavella, S.C. Berry, D. Brusick, M.M. Burns, J.L. de Camargo, D. Garabrant, H.A. Greim, L.D. Kier, D.J. Kirkland, G. Marsh, K.R. Solomon, T. Sorahan, A. Roberts and D.L. Weed, A Review of the Carcinogenic Potential of Glyphosate by Four Independent Expert Panels and Comparison to the IARC Assessment, Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 46(sup1), 3 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2016.1214677
EPA, 2017; EPA Releases Draft Risk Assessments for Glyphosate (2017); www.epa.gov/pesticides/epa-releases-draft-risk-assessments-glyphosate (Accessed June 9, 2020).
G. Kabat, 41% glyphosate-cancer increase claim under fire: Did authors of new meta-study deliberately manipulate data or just botch their analysis? (2019); www.geneticliteracyproject.org/2019/02/18/41-glyphosate-cancer-increase-claim-under-fire-did-the-authors-of-new-meta-study-deliberately-manipulate-data-or-just-botch-their-analysis/ (Accessed June 9, 2020).
S. Salzberg, Does The Herbicide RoundUp® Cause Cancer? (2019); www.forbes.com/sites/stevensalzberg/2019/02/18/does-the-herbicide-roundup-cause-cancer/#4239e1b521b4 (Accessed June 9, 2020).
EPA, 2020. Glyphosate: Epidemiology Review of Zhang et al. (2019) and Leon et al. (2019) publications for Response to Comments on the Proposed Interim Decision; www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2020-01/documents/glyphosate-epidemiological-review-zhang-leon-proposed-interim-decision.pdf (Accessed June 9, 2020).
G. McFarland, E. La Joie, P. Thomas and J. Lyons-Weiler, Acute Exposure and Chronic Retention of Aluminum in Three Vaccine Schedules and Effects of Genetic and Environmental Variation, J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 58, 126444 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.126444
L. Angrand, A.A. Elnar, F.J. Authier, R.K. Gherardi and G. Crépeaux, Aluminium Adjuvant Exposure through Vaccines in France in 2018, Ann. Pharm. Fr., 78, 111 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharma.2020.01.002
M. Mold, E. Shardlow and C. Exley, . Insight into the Cellular Fate and Toxicity of Aluminium Adjuvants used in Clinically Approved Human Vaccinations, Sci. Rep., 6, 31578 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31578
C. Exley and M.J. Mold, Aluminium in Human Brain Tissue: How Much is too Much? J. Biol. Inorg. Chem., 24, 1279 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-019-01710-0
M. Roser and H. Ritchie, Cancer. ourworldindata.org/cancer (2019); (Accessed June 9, 2020).
F. Maggi, D. la Cecilia, F.H. Tang and A. McBratney, The Global Environmental Hazard of Glyphosate Use, Sci. Total Environ., 717, 137167 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137167
F.H. Tang, T.C. Jeffries, R.W. Vervoort, C. Conoley, N.V. Coleman and F. Maggi, Microcosm Experiments and Kinetic Modeling of Glyphosate Biodegradation in Soils and Sediments, Sci. Total Environ., 658, 105 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.179
K.L.E. Kaiser, Jury-Rigging The Round-Up Carcinogen Case? (2019). www.principia-scientific.org/jury-rigging-the-round-up-carcinogen-case/ (Accessed June 9, 2020).
J.V. Tarazona, D. Court-Marques, M. Tiramani, H. Reich, R. Pfeil, F. Istace and F. Crivellente, Glyphosate Toxicity and Carcinogenicity: A review of the Scientific Basis of the European Union assessment and its Differences with IARC, Arch. Toxicol., 91, 2723 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-017-1962-5
World Health Organization, 2017. Pesticide residues in food-2016: toxicological evaluations. Joint Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the Environment and the WHO Core Assessment Group on Pesticide Residues, Geneva, Switzerland, 9-13 May 2016. InPesticide residues in food-2016: toxicological evaluations. Joint Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the Environment and the WHO Core Assessment Group on Pesticide Residues, Geneva, Switzerland, 9-13 May 2016. World Health Organization.
Bfr-2015, BfR-Contribution to the EU-Approval Process of Glyphosate is Finalized. BfR Recommends the Consideration of the Report of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in the EU-Approval process. BfR Communication No 008/2015 (2015); www.bfr.bund.de/cm/349/bfr-contribution-to-the-eu-approval-process-of-glyphosate-is-finalised.pdf (Accessed June 9, 2020).
K. Ludlow, Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Society, vol. 1, pp. 38-39 (2010).
EPA, 2015. Cancer Assessment Review Committe, HED, Office of Pesticides Program, US EPA (October 1, 2015). Evaluation of the Carcinogenic potential of Glyphosate, Final Report (2015); www.src.bna.com/eAi (Accessed June 9, 2020).
EPA, 2019, Glyphosate (2019); www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/glyphosate (Accessed June 9, 2020).
E.T. Chang and E. Delzell, Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Glyphosate Exposure and Risk of Lymphohematopoietic Cancers, J. Environ. Sci. Health B, 51, 402 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2016.1142748
F. Donato, E. Pira, C. Ciocan and P. Boffetta, Exposure to Glyphosate and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma: An Updated Meta-Analysis, La Medicina del Lavoro., 111, 63 (2020).
M.E. Leon, L.H. Schinasi, P. Lebailly, L.E. Beane Freeman, K.C. Nordby, G. Ferro, A. Monnereau, M. Brouwer, S. Tual, I. Baldi, K. Kjaerheim, J.N. Hofmann, P. Kristensen, S. Koutros, K. Straif, H. Kromhout and J. Schüz, Pesticide Use and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoid Malignancies in Agricultural Cohorts from France, Norway and The USA: A Pooled Analysis from the AGRICOH Consortium, Int. J. Epidemiol., 48, 1519 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz017
I. Barukèic, Glyphosate and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: No Causal Relationship, J. Drug Deliv. Ther., 10(1-s), 6 (2020); https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i1-s.3856