Unveiling the Oxidation Dynamics of Mefenamic Acid by Chloramine-T Using MnO/Ag2O/NiO Nanoparticles: .

H.S. Sonakshi; H.P. Jayadevappa; M.K. Arpitha; K.M. Vidyashreen

doi:10.14233/ajchem.2026.34964

Issue

Vol. 38 No. 1 (2026): Vol 38 Issue 1, 2026

Issue Published : 31 December 2025

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Unveiling the Oxidation Dynamics of Mefenamic Acid by Chloramine-T Using MnO/Ag2O/NiO Nanoparticles

https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2026.34964

H.S. Sonakshi

Department of Chemistry, Yuvaraja’s College, University of Mysore, Mysore-570006, India

https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1500-0758

H.P. Jayadevappa

Department of Chemistry, Yuvaraja’s College, University of Mysore, Mysore-570006, India

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4925-7782

M.K. Arpitha

Department of Chemistry, Yuvaraja’s College, University of Mysore, Mysore-570006, India

https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4983-1701

K.M. Vidyashreen

Department of Chemistry, Yuvaraja’s College, University of Mysore, Mysore-570006, India

https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8151-8015

Corresponding Author(s) : H.P. Jayadevappa

hpjayadevappa@gmail.com

Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 38 No. 1 (2026): Vol 38 Issue 1, 2026
Article Published : 31 December 2025

Abstract

Green synthesis of sol-gel method was employed to synthesise MnO/Ag₂O/NiO nanoparticles. The synthesised nanoparticle showed an average crystalline size of 20-45 nm with semi-circular crystal structure. A combination of XRD, SEM, EDX and FTIR techniques provided insights into the material’s size, shape and chemical composition. The data reveals the adverse catalytic property of the nanoparticle. The synthesised MnO/Ag₂O/NiO (MAN) nanoparticle was used as a catalyst to study the oxidation of mefenamic acid (MFA) by N-chloro-p-toluensulfonamide (CAT) in low pH solution at 298 K. A detailed analysis of the reaction stoichiometry and oxidation products was performed for both nano-catalyzed and non-nano-catalyzed reactions using LC-MS method. The influence of reaction rate on [CAT] is unimolecular, while the proportional to [MFA] is zero-order, for both nano-catalyzed and non-nano-catalyzed reactions. Influence of hydrogen ion concentration on reaction kinetics differs between the non-nanocatalyzed and nano-catalyzed reactions, with an inverse proportionality to a fractional power observed for the former and a non-integer order dependence observed for the latter. The reaction rate is not appreciably affected due to the accumulation of the resulting compound. A negligible negative correlation between the permittivity constant and reaction rate was found for both cases. The independence of the reaction rate on ionic strength implies that non-ionic species play a crucial role in the rate-limiting step. No evidence of free radical intermediates was found and kinetic studies at different temperatures enabled the calculation of thermodynamic parameters. A plausible mechanism was proposed to explain the observed kinetic parameters and rate laws were formulated for both catalyzed and nano-catalyzed reactions.

Keywords

Kinetics Mefenamic acid Chloramine-T Nano-catalyzed Mechanism Stoichiometry

(1)

Sonakshi, H.; Jayadevappa, H.; Arpitha, M.; Vidyashreen, K. Unveiling the Oxidation Dynamics of Mefenamic Acid by Chloramine-T Using MnO Ag2O NiO Nanoparticles: . ajc 2025, 38, 187-194.

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References

N. Cimolai, Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol., 6, 289 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1586/ecp.13.15

M. Moore and P. Little, Cochrane Libr., 2011, CD007553 (2011); ttps://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002870.pub3.

U. Pai, R.A. Venkata, A. Shah, A. Gupta, A. Clement, A. Wadhwa, A. Kumar, A. Somasundaram, G. Charde, K.K. Joshi, M. Sanklecha, M. V.S. Kumar, P. Gokhale, R. Agarwal, R. Shah, R. Chhabra, S. Niranjan, S. Dudhgaonkar, S. Surampudi, S. Nayak and V.V. Borkar, Cureus, 17, e88412, (2025): https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.88412

J. Guzmán-Esquivel, H. Galvan-Salazar, H. Guzman-Solorzano, A. Cuevas-Velazquez, J. Guzman-Solorzano, K. Mokay-Ramirez, B. Paz-Michel, E. Murillo-Zamora, J. Delgado-Enciso, V. Melnikov, O. Delgado-Enciso, I. Rodriguez-Sanchez, M. Martinez-Fierro, F. Rojas-Larios, M. Walle-Guillen, C. Cardenas-Aguilar, O. Beas-Guzman, D. Chaviano-Conesa, H. Garcia-Garcia and I. Delgado-Enciso, Int. J. Mol. Med., 49, 29 (2022); https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2022.5084

P.S. Khansari and R.F. Halliwell, Front. Neurosci., 13, 64 (2019); https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00064

M. Vahedi, S.B. Hasanpoor-Azghady, L. Amiri-Farahani and I. Khaki, Trials, 22, 655 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05622-w

F. Shabani, F. Narenji, K. Vakilian, M.A. Zareian, M. Bozorgi, S. Bioos and F. Nejatbakhsh, Open Public Health J., 15, 34 (2022); https://doi.org/10.2174/18749445-v15-e2205190

J.K. Gupta and J. Kai, Int. J. Basic Clin. Pharmacol., 7, 1132 (2018); https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20182638

S. Shidhaye, V.J. Kadam and S. Malke, Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 69, 211 (2007); https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.33145

E. Kolvari, A. Ghorbani-Choghamarani, P. Salehi, F. Shirini and M.A. Zolfigol, J. Iran. Chem. Soc., 4, 126 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03245963

A. Sukhdev, A.S. Manjunatha and P. Puttaswamy, ISRN Phys. Chem., 2013, 738932 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/738932

Puttaswamy and R.V. Jagadeesh, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 45, 1563 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1021/ie0509746

Y.N. Nayak, S.L. Gaonkar, E.A.M. Saleh, A.M.A.L. Dawsari, Harshitha, K. Husain and I. Hassan, J. Saudi Chem. Soc., 26, 101416 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101416

T. Umemoto, S. Fukami, G. Tomizawa, K. Harasawa, K. Kawada and K. Tomita, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 8563 (1990); https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00179a047

G. Agnihotri, Synlett, 18, 2857 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-918936

K. Mangal, M.M. Dhamande, S. Sathe, R. Patel and C. Dahihandekar, Cureus, 14, e33200 (2022); https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.33200

K.M. Meenakshi and K.V. Pai, J. Chem., 6, 545 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/149032

P.T. Sowmya, K.M.L. Rai, A. Sudhir and S.Y. Kotian, Aust. J. Chem., 74, 689 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1071/CH21089

J. Ungula and H.C. Swart, J. Alloys Compd., 821, 153459 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153459

A.F. Abdel Hakiem, A.M. Kamal, A.S. Aboraia, R.M. Mahfouz, A.A.K. Mohammed, I.A. Naguib and M.E. Draz, Microchem. J., 206, 111423 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2024.111423

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Z.Y. Shnain, M.F. Abid and K.A. Sukkar, Desalin. Water Treatment, 210, 22 (2021); https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2021.26581

M. Rathod, P.G. Moradeeya, S. Haldar and S. Basha, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 17, 1301 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1039/c8pp00156a

M. Ebrahimi and O. Akhavan, Catalysts, 12, 667 (2022); https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12060667

F. Feigl and V. Anger, Spot Test in Organic Analysis, Elsevier, Amsterdam, edn 7, p. 376 (2005)

J.C. Morris, J.A. Salazar and M.A. Wineman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 70, 2036 (1948); https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01186a016

E. Bishop and V.J. Jennings, Talanta, 1, 197 (1958); https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(58)80034-X

F.F. Hardy and J.P. Johnston, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. II, 742 (1973); https://doi.org/10.1039/p29730000742

B.G. Pryde and F.G. Soper, J. Chem. Soc., 1514 (1931); https://doi.org/10.1039/JR9310001514

A. Sukhdev and P. Puttaswamy, Springerplus, 2, 30 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-30

D.K. Wolgemuth, S.D. Elmore, J.D. Cope, P.E. Sheridan, S.L. Stokes and J.P. Emerson, Catal. Commun., 150, 106275 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2020.106275

E.S. Amis, Solvent Effects on Reaction Rates and Mechanism, Academic Press: New York, p. 1672 (1966; reprint 2007).

K.J. Laidler, Chemical Kinetics, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, edn 3, p. 544 (2003).

Author biographies is not available.