Copyright (c) 2025 Riddhi Prakash Trivedi, Prajesh Prajapati
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Enhanced Electrochemical Detection of Ambroxol Using AgNPs/MWCNT/Nafion/GCE Composite Sensor
Corresponding Author(s) : Riddhi Trivedi
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 38 No. 1 (2026): Vol 38 Issue 1, 2026
Abstract
The development of the nanocomposite using AgNPs/MWCNT/Nafion/GCE in this study represents a significant advancement in the electrochemical detection of ambroxol, an important therapeutic agent in respiratory medicine. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were green-synthesized using Hyphaene thebaica extract and integrated with functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in a Nafion matrix to develop a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for ambroxol. SEM, XRD and FTIR confirmed irregular, crystalline AgNPs strongly capped with phytochemicals, while acid-treated MWCNTs exhibited enhanced dispersibility due to surface carboxylation. The AgNPs/MWCNT/Nafion-modified glassy carbon electrode showed markedly improved electrocatalytic activity, enlarged electroactive surface area and irreversible, diffusion-controlled oxidation of ambroxol. The optimal sensing conditions were obtained at pH 4, 6 µL modifier loading and a 4 min accumulation time. The sensor demonstrated a linear range of 0.01-5 × 10-5 M, a detection limit of 6 × 10-6 M, high selectivity and excellent reproducibility (RSD 3.6%). Application to spiked urine samples yielded an average recovery of 100.9%, validating its potential for pharmaceutical and clinical analysis.
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- Y. Fang, H. Chang, J. Li, Z. Li and D. Zhang, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 54, 1680 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2022.2128633
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- Y. Piao, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 7, 6084 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1016/S1452-3981(23)19463-6
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References
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S.-A. Leau, C. Lete and S. Lupu, Chemosensors, 11, 179 (2023); https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11030179
Y. Torlak, E.E. Altuner, Y. Tekeli and T. Tekeli, J. Pharm. Res. Int., 37, 34 (2025); https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2025/v37i117765
M. Imran, S. Ahmed, A.Z. Abdullah, J. Hakami, A.A. Chaudhary, H.A. Rudayni, S.-U.-D. Khan, A. Khan and N.S. Basher, Luminescence, 38, 1064 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1002/bio.4408
M.A. Darwish, W. Abd-Elaziem, A. Elsheikh and A.A. Zayed, Nanoscale Adv., 6, 4015 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1039/D4NA00214H
M. Harun-Ur-Rashid, A.B. Imran and T. Foyez, Discov. Electrochem., 2, 14 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1007/s44373-025-00027-9
K. Patzwaldt and S. Castaneda-Vega, Neural Regen. Res., 19, 2345 (2024); https://doi.org/10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01664
A. Kantar, L. Klimek, D. Cazan, A. Sperl, U. Sent and M. Mesquita, Multidiscip. Respir. Med., 15, 511 (2020); https://doi.org/10.4081/mrm.2020.511
D. Cazan, L. Klimek, A. Sperl, M. Plomer and S. Kölsch, Expert Opin. Drug Saf., 17, 1211 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2018.1533954
P.D. Sonawane, S.R. Chaudhari, S.B. Ganorkar, A.S. Patil and A.A. Shirkhedkar, Anal. Biochem., 657, 114888 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2022.114888
W. Parys, M. Dołowy, and A. Pyka-Pająk, Processes, 10, 172 (2022); https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10010172
R. Kumar, S. Salwan, P. Kumar, N. Bansal and B. Kumar, Analytica, 6, 12 (2025); https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica6020012
A. Haghighizadeh, F. Abdolabadi, M. Amirinejad, S. Dadpour and O. Rajabi, ChemistrySelect, 10, e01067 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202501067
A. Kumar, M.R.S. Savanur, S.K. Singh, J. Singh, S. Bhattacharya, K. Asnani, B. Kumar, M. Kumar and S. Kumar, ChemistrySelect, 10, e202403655 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202403655
R.K. Sharma, S. Yadav, S. Dutta, H.B. Kale, I.R. Warkad, R. Zbořil, R.S. Varma and M.B. Gawande, Chem. Soc. Rev., 50, 11293 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CS00912A
J. Tang, R. Li, S. Mahmood, J. Li and S. Yao, Chemosensors, 13, 367 (2025); https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13100367
R.M. Kakhki, Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater., 73, 1470 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1080/00914037.2023.2297436
S. Ahmed, Saifullah, M. Ahmad, B.L. Swami and S. Ikram, J. Radiat. Res. Appl. Sci., 9, 1 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2015.06.006
S. Iravani, Green Chem., 13, 2638 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1039/C1GC15386B
P. Prakash, P. Gnanaprakasam, R. Emmanuel, S. Arokiyaraj and M. Saravanan, Mater. Lett., 97, 141 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2013.01.087
W. Dagher, A. Alassod, M.F. Al Hinnawi, I. Alghoraibi, A. Taher and M. Alnhlaouie, RSC Adv., 15, 35642 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA05214A
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I. Anshori, L.R. Ula, G.I.N. Asih, E. Ariasena, U. Uperianti, A.N. Raditya, Y. Mulyaningsih, M. Handayani, A. Purwidyantri and B.A. Prabowo, Nanotechnology, 35, 115501 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ad143f
J. Natsuki and T. Natsuki, Nanotechnology, 13, 1297 (2023); https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13081297
T.E. Mpanza, M.Sc. Dissertation, Determination of Capsaicin using Carbon Nanotube Based Electrochemical Biosensors, Department of Applied Science in Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, South Africa (2016).
K.A.M. Attia, A.M. Abdel-Raoof, A. Serag, S.M. Eid and A.E. Abbas, RSC Adv., 12, 17536 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA01962K
Y. Piao, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 7, 6084 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1016/S1452-3981(23)19463-6
F.M. Abdel-Haleem, E. Gamal, M.S. Rizk, A. Madbouly, R.M. El Nashar, B. Anis, H.M. Elnabawy, A.S.G. Khalil and A. Barhoum, Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 9, 648704 (2021); https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.648704
