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Vol. 37 No. 9 (2025): Vol 37 Issue 9, 2025

Copyright (c) 2025 CHRISTINE BURUKAI, DORCAS NYAMA, CLEVER MPOFU, BONGIBETHU MSEKELI HLABANO-MOYO, JABULANI INNOCENT MNYANGO, BOTHWELL NYONI, SHANGANYANE PERCY HLANGOTHI

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Effectiveness of African Wattle Tree (Peltophorum africanum) Biochar in Removing Carmoisine Dye from Wastewater

https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2025.34002
Christine Burukai
Department of Applied Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
Bothwell Nyoni
Department of Applied Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Centre for Rubber Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8371-6116
Dorcas Nyama
Department of Applied Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1614-7264
Clever Mpofu
Department of Applied Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
Bongibethu Hlabano-Moyo
Department of Civil Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Iowa, USA
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7664-2929
Bongani Yalala
Department of Applied Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
Jabulani I. Mnyango
Centre for Rubber Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4194-4174
Shanganyane P. Hlangothi
Centre for Rubber Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6590-4356

Corresponding Author(s) : Bothwell Nyoni

s215391977@mandela.ac.za

Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 37 No. 9 (2025): Vol 37 Issue 9, 2025

Abstract

In this work, the use of biochar synthesized from the African wattle tree (Peltophorum africanum) bark as an adsorbent for the removal of carmoisine, a common red azo dye from a simulated effluent, is investigated. The study focuses on the effect of adsorbent synthesis conditions, particularly the carbonization temperature, then, the adsorption process conditions and finally, analyzing the relevant isotherms, kinetics and mechanisms. It was revealed that the point of zero charge for the activated biochar prepared at 500, 600 and 700 ºC were 6.6, 6.5, and 6.3 respectively, indicating that the surface charge of the adsorbent became more positive as temperature was increased. Consequently, all adsorbent samples displayed a decrease in removal efficiency when the pH of the solution increased. Adsorption experiments revealed that the process best fits the Langmuir isotherm model with monolayer adsorption capacities of 49.8, 56.1 and 63.8 mg g–1 for activated biochars prepared at 500, 600, and 700 ºC, respectively. Kinetics studies further reveal that the adsorption process generally follows pseudo-second-order kinetics with k2 values in the range of 0.01–0.1 min–1. The most probable adsorption mechanisms involve hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions due to the presence of carbon-oxygen and carbon-nitrogen functional groups.

Keywords

Azo dye Biochar Carmoisine Isotherms Water purification Wattle tree bark
(1)
Burukai, C.; Nyoni, B.; Nyama, D.; Mpofu, C.; Hlabano-Moyo, B.; Yalala, B.; Mnyango, J. I.; Hlangothi, S. P. Effectiveness of African Wattle Tree (Peltophorum Africanum) Biochar in Removing Carmoisine Dye from Wastewater. ajc 2025, 37, 2281-2290.
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