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Vapor Phase Methylation of Indole over Nanocrystalline Cd1-xCrxFe2O4 (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0) Ferrospinels
Corresponding Author(s) : M. Kadian
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 28 No. 7 (2016): Vol 28 Issue 7
Abstract
Vapor phase methylation of indole has been carried out over nanocrystalline Cd1-xCrxFe2O4 (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0) ferrospinels in a fixed bed down-flow reactor. Catalyst characterization was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with EDX, BET surface area and temperature programmed ammonia-desorption method. Product selectivity is shown to be strongly influenced by acidic properties of the catalyst. A maximum yield of 64.29 % of 3-methyl indole with 91.46 % selectivity at 70.3 % indole conversion was obtained under optimized reaction conditions.
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- A. Kotsuki, M. Teraguchi, N. Shimomoto and M. Ochi, Tetrahedron Lett., 37, 3727 (1996); doi:10.1016/0040-4039(96)00670-3.
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- A.R. Shyam, R. Dwivedi, V.S. Reddy, K.V.R. Chary and R. Prasad, Green Chem., 4, 558 (2002); doi:10.1039/b207410a.
- B. Elvers, S. Hawkins and W. Russell, Ullmanns Encyclopedia Industrial Chemistry, A, 14, 167, (1989).
- M. Howe-Grant and K. Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Wiley, New York (1989).
- M. Howe-Grant and K. Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Wiley, New York (1995).
- R.D. Waldron, Phys. Rev., 99, 1727 (1955); doi:10.1103/PhysRev.99.1727.
- P. Siwach, S. Singh and R.K. Gupta, Catal. Commun., 10, 1577 (2009); doi:10.1016/j.catcom.2009.04.019.
- T. Eicher and S. Hauptmann, Indole: The Chemistry of Heterocycles, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York (1995).
- L.R. Smith, Indoles: The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds- Part II, Wiley/Interscience, New York (1972).
References
A. Kotsuki, M. Teraguchi, N. Shimomoto and M. Ochi, Tetrahedron Lett., 37, 3727 (1996); doi:10.1016/0040-4039(96)00670-3.
J.M. Bakke, H.M. Roholdt, S. Liaaen-Jensen, G. Saucy, G.F. Weber, K. Folkers, N. Yanaihara and C. Yanaihara, Acta Chem. Scand. Ser. B, 33, 152 (1979); doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.33b-0152.
P. Siwach, S. Singh and R.K. Gupta, Appl. Catal. A, 366, 65 (2009); doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2009.06.029.
K. Sreekumar, T. Mathew, B.M. Devassy, R. Rajgopal, R. Vetrivel and B.S. Rao, Appl. Catal. A, 205, 11 (2001); doi:10.1016/S0926-860X(00)00542-1.
K. Sreekumar, T. Mathew, R. Rajgopal, R. Vetrivel and B.S. Rao, Catal. Lett., 65, 99 (2000); doi:10.1023/A:1019081608421.
V.S. Reddy, A.R. Shyam, R. Dwivedi, R.K. Gupta, V.R. Chumbale and R. Prasad, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 79, 1057 (2004); doi:10.1002/jctb.1060.
A.R. Shyam, R. Dwivedi, V.S. Reddy, K.V.R. Chary and R. Prasad, Green Chem., 4, 558 (2002); doi:10.1039/b207410a.
B. Elvers, S. Hawkins and W. Russell, Ullmanns Encyclopedia Industrial Chemistry, A, 14, 167, (1989).
M. Howe-Grant and K. Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Wiley, New York (1989).
M. Howe-Grant and K. Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Wiley, New York (1995).
R.D. Waldron, Phys. Rev., 99, 1727 (1955); doi:10.1103/PhysRev.99.1727.
P. Siwach, S. Singh and R.K. Gupta, Catal. Commun., 10, 1577 (2009); doi:10.1016/j.catcom.2009.04.019.
T. Eicher and S. Hauptmann, Indole: The Chemistry of Heterocycles, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York (1995).
L.R. Smith, Indoles: The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds- Part II, Wiley/Interscience, New York (1972).