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Characteristics of Ancient Mortars and Plasters from the Archaeological Site of Akbari-Serai (Pakistan)
Corresponding Author(s) : S. Gulzar
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 25 No. 15 (2013): Vol 25 Issue 15
Abstract
The 17th century Mughal mortar and plaster samples were collected from Akbari-Serai (Shahdara) in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. The samples were studied employing chemical, mineralogical and micro-structural techniques consisting of X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The mortars and plasters were based on calcitic lime binder prepared by the calcinations of locally available lime nodules (kankar-CaCO3) from soil horizon, differing in the type and proportion of aggregates used, including crushed bricks, broken kankar pieces, brick kiln furnace slag and a small fraction of siliceous sand. The results showed varying binder aggregate ratio and also indicated different chemical composition according to the function of mortars and plasters in the masonry unit.
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- J. Ashurt and N. Ashurt, Mortars, Plasters and Renders, Practical Building Conservation, English Heritage Technical Handbook 3, Gower Technical Press, Vol. 3 (1989).
- A.M.P. Carneiro and M. Lima da Costa, Chemical and Mineralogical Characterization of Mortars from the Bolonha Palace in the City of Belém, State of Pará-Brasil, Proc. of the 3rd International Seminar on Possibilties of Numerical and Experimental Techniques: Historical Constructions, Portugal, p. 331 (2001).
- S. Gulzar, M.Sc Thesis, Environmental Effects on Cultural Heritage: Shahdara Complex-Lahore, University of the Punjab, Lahore, pp. 62-80 (2004).
- A. Rehmani and M.A.Thesis, History and Architecture of Mughal Monuments at Shahdara, University of the Punjab, Lahore pp. 12-35 (1976).
- M.S. Khan, M. Ahmad and M.A. Khan, Lahore Museum Bull., 13, 115 (2000).
- J. Elsen, Cem. Concr. Res., 36, 1416 (2006).
- B. Fielden, Guidelines for Conservation- A Technical Manual, The Indian National Trust for Arts and Cultural Heritage, Delhi, pp. 55-56 (1989).
- G. Chiari, G. Torraca and M.L. Santarelli, Standards for Preservation and Rehabilitation, ASTM 1996; STP 1258, pp. 275-278 (1996).
- C. Genestar, C. Pons and A. Mas, Anal. Chim. Acta, 557, 373 (2006).
- M. Aslam, M.L. Tabasso, P.L. Bian Chatti and A.E. Charole, Studies of Lime Plasters and Mortars of the Taj Mahal, 8th Triennial Meeting, Sydney, Preprint, Vol. 2 (1987).
- J. Elsen, A. Brutsaet, M. Deckers and R. Brulet, Microscopical Mater. Charact., 53, 289 (2004).
- S. Chandra, History of Architecture and Ancient Building Materials in India, India, Tech Books International (2003).
- K. Rehyan, M.Sc. Thesis, Construction Techniques and Materials of Ottoman Period Baths in Urla-Seferihisar region, Izmir Institute of Technology (2004).
- M.S. Khan, J. Asian Civiliz., 30, 1 (2007).
- M.S. Khan, Protecting the Historic Property from the Effect of Environmental Degradation, Cultural Tourism Lahore & Peshawar, UNESCO Publication, Vol. 3 (2003).
- D. Benedetti, S. Valetti, E. Bontempi, C. Piccioli and L.E. Depero, Appl. Phys., 79(A), 341 (2004).
- R. Castelló, P. Morillas, C. Vizcayno and J. Martín-Rodríguez, Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales, Csic, Characterization of rendering mortars on some buildings of Toledo, Spain, Third International Congress on "Science and Technology for the safeguard of Cultural Heritage in the Mediterranean Basin", Alcalá de Henares, Spain, July 9-14 (2001).
- J.I. Alvarez, I. Navarro and P.J. García Casado, Thermochim. Acta, 365, 177 (2000).
- J. Weber, W. Prochaska and N. Zimmermann, Mater. Charact., 60, 586 (2009).
- H. Böke, S. Akkurt, B. Ipekoglu and E. Ugurlu, Cem. Concr. Res., 36, 1115 (2006).
- A. Moropoulou, A. Bakolas and K. Bisbikou, J. Cult. Herit., 1, 45 (2000).
- M.P. Riccardi, M. Lezzerinin, F. Caro, M. Franzini and B. Messiga, J. Cult. Herit., 8, 350 (2007).
- E. Ugurlu and H. Boke, Const. Build. Mater., 23, 2442 (2009).
- B. Schouenborg, J.E. Lindqvist, M. Sandström , K. Sandin and E. Sidmar, Analysis of Old Lime Plaster and Mortar from Southern SwedenA Contribution to the Nordic Seminar of Building Limes, Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, Building Technology, Special Report 1993, p. 34 (1993).
- S. Ullah, Composition and Properties of Historic Lime Mortars, 16th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stones, Proceedings Actes, p. 484 (1995).
- E.M. Chamot and C.W. Mason, Handbook of Chemical Microscopychemical Methods and Inorganic Qualitative Analysis, Vol. 2, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York (1946); Republished by McCrone Research Institute, Chicago, IL (1989).
- M. Radonjic, K.R. Hallam, G.C. Allen and R. Hayward, Mechanism of carbonation in lime-based mortars. Proc 8th Euroseminar on Microscopy Applied to Building Materials. Athens; pp. 465-75 (2001).
- M.S. Vast, Bull. Architect. Survey India, 6, 93 (1949).
- S. Pavía and S. Caro, Const. Build. Mater., 22, 1807 (2008).
- G. Mertens, J. Elsen, R. Brulet, A. Brutsaert and M. Deckers, Mater. Charact., 60, 580 (2009).
References
J. Ashurt and N. Ashurt, Mortars, Plasters and Renders, Practical Building Conservation, English Heritage Technical Handbook 3, Gower Technical Press, Vol. 3 (1989).
A.M.P. Carneiro and M. Lima da Costa, Chemical and Mineralogical Characterization of Mortars from the Bolonha Palace in the City of Belém, State of Pará-Brasil, Proc. of the 3rd International Seminar on Possibilties of Numerical and Experimental Techniques: Historical Constructions, Portugal, p. 331 (2001).
S. Gulzar, M.Sc Thesis, Environmental Effects on Cultural Heritage: Shahdara Complex-Lahore, University of the Punjab, Lahore, pp. 62-80 (2004).
A. Rehmani and M.A.Thesis, History and Architecture of Mughal Monuments at Shahdara, University of the Punjab, Lahore pp. 12-35 (1976).
M.S. Khan, M. Ahmad and M.A. Khan, Lahore Museum Bull., 13, 115 (2000).
J. Elsen, Cem. Concr. Res., 36, 1416 (2006).
B. Fielden, Guidelines for Conservation- A Technical Manual, The Indian National Trust for Arts and Cultural Heritage, Delhi, pp. 55-56 (1989).
G. Chiari, G. Torraca and M.L. Santarelli, Standards for Preservation and Rehabilitation, ASTM 1996; STP 1258, pp. 275-278 (1996).
C. Genestar, C. Pons and A. Mas, Anal. Chim. Acta, 557, 373 (2006).
M. Aslam, M.L. Tabasso, P.L. Bian Chatti and A.E. Charole, Studies of Lime Plasters and Mortars of the Taj Mahal, 8th Triennial Meeting, Sydney, Preprint, Vol. 2 (1987).
J. Elsen, A. Brutsaet, M. Deckers and R. Brulet, Microscopical Mater. Charact., 53, 289 (2004).
S. Chandra, History of Architecture and Ancient Building Materials in India, India, Tech Books International (2003).
K. Rehyan, M.Sc. Thesis, Construction Techniques and Materials of Ottoman Period Baths in Urla-Seferihisar region, Izmir Institute of Technology (2004).
M.S. Khan, J. Asian Civiliz., 30, 1 (2007).
M.S. Khan, Protecting the Historic Property from the Effect of Environmental Degradation, Cultural Tourism Lahore & Peshawar, UNESCO Publication, Vol. 3 (2003).
D. Benedetti, S. Valetti, E. Bontempi, C. Piccioli and L.E. Depero, Appl. Phys., 79(A), 341 (2004).
R. Castelló, P. Morillas, C. Vizcayno and J. Martín-Rodríguez, Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales, Csic, Characterization of rendering mortars on some buildings of Toledo, Spain, Third International Congress on "Science and Technology for the safeguard of Cultural Heritage in the Mediterranean Basin", Alcalá de Henares, Spain, July 9-14 (2001).
J.I. Alvarez, I. Navarro and P.J. García Casado, Thermochim. Acta, 365, 177 (2000).
J. Weber, W. Prochaska and N. Zimmermann, Mater. Charact., 60, 586 (2009).
H. Böke, S. Akkurt, B. Ipekoglu and E. Ugurlu, Cem. Concr. Res., 36, 1115 (2006).
A. Moropoulou, A. Bakolas and K. Bisbikou, J. Cult. Herit., 1, 45 (2000).
M.P. Riccardi, M. Lezzerinin, F. Caro, M. Franzini and B. Messiga, J. Cult. Herit., 8, 350 (2007).
E. Ugurlu and H. Boke, Const. Build. Mater., 23, 2442 (2009).
B. Schouenborg, J.E. Lindqvist, M. Sandström , K. Sandin and E. Sidmar, Analysis of Old Lime Plaster and Mortar from Southern SwedenA Contribution to the Nordic Seminar of Building Limes, Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, Building Technology, Special Report 1993, p. 34 (1993).
S. Ullah, Composition and Properties of Historic Lime Mortars, 16th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stones, Proceedings Actes, p. 484 (1995).
E.M. Chamot and C.W. Mason, Handbook of Chemical Microscopychemical Methods and Inorganic Qualitative Analysis, Vol. 2, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York (1946); Republished by McCrone Research Institute, Chicago, IL (1989).
M. Radonjic, K.R. Hallam, G.C. Allen and R. Hayward, Mechanism of carbonation in lime-based mortars. Proc 8th Euroseminar on Microscopy Applied to Building Materials. Athens; pp. 465-75 (2001).
M.S. Vast, Bull. Architect. Survey India, 6, 93 (1949).
S. Pavía and S. Caro, Const. Build. Mater., 22, 1807 (2008).
G. Mertens, J. Elsen, R. Brulet, A. Brutsaert and M. Deckers, Mater. Charact., 60, 580 (2009).