Copyright (c) 2016 AJC
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Analysis of Lubricating Grease by ICP-OES: A Case Study on Preparation Methodology
Corresponding Author(s) : G.G. Redhi
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 28 No. 5 (2016): Vol 28 Issue 5
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop simple, cost effective and reliable sample preparation methods for the analysis of lubricating grease samples. Direct dilution, microwave digestion and emulsification methods were designed and compared for the analysis of Ca, B, Al, Na, Mo, Zn and Ba with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The direct dilution method gave most inconsistent results in terms of percentage recovery. The optimized microwave digestion and emulsification methods compared well and showed good reliability in terms of sensitivity and selectivity. The calibration curves resulting from oil emulsion has no significant difference with that of aqueous emulsions, but the stability of the emulsified samples was very low. The limit of detection and limit of quantification values obtained from the microwave digestion method were very low and therefore it is superior amongst the three methods for the analysis of various lubricating grease samples.
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- R.M. Mortier and S.T. Orszulick, Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants, Springer, edn 2, p. 313 (1997).
- A.K. Pogosian and T.R. Martirosyan, J. Tribol., 129, 920 (2007); doi:10.1115/1.2768611.
- R.O. Ebewele, A.F. Lyayi and F.K. Hymore, Int. J. Phys. Sci., 5, 826 (2010).
- Aditya, M. Amarnath and P.K. Kankar, Procedia Technol., 14, 59 (2014); doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2014.08.009.
- J.S Evas and T.M Hunt, Oil Analysis Machine & System Condition Monitoring Series, Coxmoor Publishing, Oxford, UK (2004).
- B.X. Fox, J. ASTM Int., 2, 8 (2005).
- G.J. Rincon and E.J. La Motta, J. Environ. Manage., 144, 42 (2014); doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.05.004.
- M.Y. Khuhawar, M.A. Mirza, T.M Jahangir and M. EI-Sayed Abdul-Rauof, Determination of Metal Ions in Crude Oils, Oil Emulsions-Composition Stability and Characterization (2012).
- J.D. Hwang, M. Horton and D. Leong, J. ASTM Int., 2, 12967 (2005); doi:10.1520/JAI12967.
- R.D. Beaty and J.D Keber, Instrumentation and Techniques in Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, The Perkin –Elmer Corporation, edn 2, pp. 3-5 (1993).
- G. Pignalosa and M. Konchen, Atom. Spectrosc., 22, 250 (2001).
- M. Pouzar, T. Cernohorsky and A. Krejcova, Talanta, 54, 829 (2001); doi:10.1016/S0039-9140(01)00338-1.
- A. Fisher, M.W. Hinds, S.N. Nelms, D.M. Penny and P. Goodall, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 17, 1624 (2002); doi:10.1039/b210974n.
- J. Sneddon, C. Hardaway, K.K. Bobbadi and A.K. Reddy, Appl. Spectrosc. Rev., 41, 1 (2006); doi:10.1080/05704920500385445.
- R.Q. Aucélio, A. Doyle, B.S. Pizzorno, M.L.B. Tristão and R.C. Campos, Microchem. J., 78, 21 (2004); doi:10.1016/j.microc.2004.02.018.
- R.M. Souza, C.L.P. Silveira and R.Q. Aucélio, Anal. Sci., 20, 351 (2004); doi:10.2116/analsci.20.351.
- H.M. Kuss, J. Anal. Chem., 343, 788 (1992); doi:10.1007/BF00633568.
- J.S.F. Pereira, D.P. Moraes, F.G. Antes, L.O. Diehl, M.F.P. Santos, R.C.L. Guimarães, T.C.O. Fonseca, V.L. Dressler and É.M.M. Flores, Microchem. J., 96, 4 (2010); doi:10.1016/j.microc.2009.12.016.
References
R.M. Mortier and S.T. Orszulick, Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants, Springer, edn 2, p. 313 (1997).
A.K. Pogosian and T.R. Martirosyan, J. Tribol., 129, 920 (2007); doi:10.1115/1.2768611.
R.O. Ebewele, A.F. Lyayi and F.K. Hymore, Int. J. Phys. Sci., 5, 826 (2010).
Aditya, M. Amarnath and P.K. Kankar, Procedia Technol., 14, 59 (2014); doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2014.08.009.
J.S Evas and T.M Hunt, Oil Analysis Machine & System Condition Monitoring Series, Coxmoor Publishing, Oxford, UK (2004).
B.X. Fox, J. ASTM Int., 2, 8 (2005).
G.J. Rincon and E.J. La Motta, J. Environ. Manage., 144, 42 (2014); doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.05.004.
M.Y. Khuhawar, M.A. Mirza, T.M Jahangir and M. EI-Sayed Abdul-Rauof, Determination of Metal Ions in Crude Oils, Oil Emulsions-Composition Stability and Characterization (2012).
J.D. Hwang, M. Horton and D. Leong, J. ASTM Int., 2, 12967 (2005); doi:10.1520/JAI12967.
R.D. Beaty and J.D Keber, Instrumentation and Techniques in Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, The Perkin –Elmer Corporation, edn 2, pp. 3-5 (1993).
G. Pignalosa and M. Konchen, Atom. Spectrosc., 22, 250 (2001).
M. Pouzar, T. Cernohorsky and A. Krejcova, Talanta, 54, 829 (2001); doi:10.1016/S0039-9140(01)00338-1.
A. Fisher, M.W. Hinds, S.N. Nelms, D.M. Penny and P. Goodall, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 17, 1624 (2002); doi:10.1039/b210974n.
J. Sneddon, C. Hardaway, K.K. Bobbadi and A.K. Reddy, Appl. Spectrosc. Rev., 41, 1 (2006); doi:10.1080/05704920500385445.
R.Q. Aucélio, A. Doyle, B.S. Pizzorno, M.L.B. Tristão and R.C. Campos, Microchem. J., 78, 21 (2004); doi:10.1016/j.microc.2004.02.018.
R.M. Souza, C.L.P. Silveira and R.Q. Aucélio, Anal. Sci., 20, 351 (2004); doi:10.2116/analsci.20.351.
H.M. Kuss, J. Anal. Chem., 343, 788 (1992); doi:10.1007/BF00633568.
J.S.F. Pereira, D.P. Moraes, F.G. Antes, L.O. Diehl, M.F.P. Santos, R.C.L. Guimarães, T.C.O. Fonseca, V.L. Dressler and É.M.M. Flores, Microchem. J., 96, 4 (2010); doi:10.1016/j.microc.2009.12.016.