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Development and Characterization of Fly Ash/Crumb Rubber Reinforced Natural Rubber Composite
Corresponding Author(s) : Arti Maan
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 28 No. 4 (2016): Vol 28 Issue 4
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing fly ash and crumb rubber derived from tyre waste with natural rubber to develop a composite material with improved properties. The composites were evaluated for morphological, thermal and mechanical properties. It was found that with increase in crumb rubber loading, tensile strength, tear strength, abrasion resistance and skid resistance of the composites increased whereas water absorption, compression set, hardness and density decreased up to 120 phr of crumb rubber concentration. SEM micrographs show that fly ash/crumb rubber reinforced natural rubber composites have enhanced rubber-filler interaction to produce more continuous and interlocked structure than fly ash reinforced natural rubber composite.
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- S. Mishra and N.G. Shimpi, J. Sci. Ind. Res. (India), 64, 744 (2005).
- K.T. Paul, S.K. Pabi, K.K. Chakraborty and G.B. Nando, Polym. Compos., 30, 1647 (2009); doi:10.1002/pc.20738.
- B.R. Stewart, in eds.: K.S. Sajwan, A.K. Alva and R.F. Keefer, Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements in Coal and Coal Combustion Byproduct, Springer, Ch. 1, pp. 1-6 (1999).
- S. Thongsang, W. Vorakhan, E. Wimolmala and N. Sombatsompop, Tribol. Int., 53, 134 (2012); doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2012.04.006.
- R. Siddique and T.R. Naik, Waste Manage., 24, 563 (2004); doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2004.01.006.
- N. Segre and I. Joekes, Cement Concr. Res., 30, 1421 (2000); doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00373-2.
- H.S. Lee, H. Lee, J.S. Moon and H.W. Jung, ACI Mater. J., 95, 356 (1998).
- C.E. Pierce and M.C. Blackwell, Waste Manage., 23, 197 (2003); doi:10.1016/S0956-053X(02)00160-5.
- N.M. Al-Akhras and M.M. Smadi, Cement Concr. Compos., 26, 821 (2004); doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.01.004.
- M. Mavroulidou and J. Figueiredo, Global NEST J., 12, 359 (2010).
- H. Zhu and D.D. Carlson, Asphalt-Rubber: An Anchor to Crumb Rubber Markets, Third Joint UNCTAD/IRSG Workshop on Rubber and the Environment International Rubber Forum Veracruz, Mexico, October (1999).
- S.K. Palit, K.S. Reddy and B.B. Pandey, J. Mater. Civil. Eng., 16, 45 (2004); doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2004)16:1(45).
- F. Xiao, S.N. Amirkhanian, J. Shen and B. Putman, Construct. Build. Mater., 23, 1028 (2009); doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.05.002.
- M.A. Abdelrahman and S.H. Carpenter, Transport Res. Record, 1661,106 (2007); doi:10.3141/1661-15.
- W. Cao, Const. Build. Mater., 21, 1011 (2007); doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.02.004.
- S.E. Paje, M. Bueno, F. Terán, R. Miró, F. Pérez-Jiménez and A.H. Martínez, Appl. Acoust., 71, 578 (2010), doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2009.12.003.
- K.D. Jeong, S.J. Lee, S.N. Amirkhanian and K.W. Kim, Const. Build. Mater., 24, 824 (2010); doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.10.024.
- J. Shen, S. Amirkhanian, F. Xiao and B. Tang, Const. Build. Mater., 23, 304 (2009); doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.12.005.
- L. Xiang, J. Cheng and G. Que, Const. Build. Mater., 23, 3586 (2009); doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.06.038.
- L. Zanzotto and G. J. Kennepohl, Transport Res. Record, 1530, 51 (1996); doi:10.3141/1530-07.
- L.N. Mohammad, B. Huang, F.L. Roberts and M. Rasoulian, Int. J. Road Mater. Pavement Des., 1, 467 (2000).
- N. Sombatsompop and C. Kumnuantip, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 87, 1723 (2003); doi:10.1002/app.11698.
- A.A. Phadke, S.K. Chakraborty and S.K. De, Rubber Chem. Technol., 57, 19 (1984); doi:10.5254/1.3535994.
- A. Yilmaz and N. Degirmenci, Waste Manage., 29, 1541 (2009); doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.11.002.
- D.S.V. Prasad and P.G.V.R. Raju, ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 4, 89 (2009).
- A. Bala, V.K. Sehgal and B. Saini, Concrete Res. Lett., 5, 842 (2014).
- A. Maan, U.K. Niyogi, A.K. Singh, D.S. Mehra and S. Rattan, J. Polym. Mater., 31, 397 (2014).
- A. Maan, U. K.Niyogi, A.K. Singh, D.S. Mehra and S. Rattan, J. Polym. Mater., 32, 47 (2015).
- IS 3400: Part 10, Indian Standard Methods of Test for Vulcanized Rubber, Part 1- Determination of Tensile Stress-Strain Properties (2010).
- IS 3400: Indian Standard Methods of Test for Vulcanized Rubber, Part 12- Tear Strength- Crescent Test Piece (2010).
- ASTM D 4060-10, Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abrader (2010).
- ASTM E 303-93, Standard Test Method for Measuring Surface Frictional Properties using the British Pendulum Tester (2013).
- IS 3400: Indian Standard Methods of Test for Vulcanized Rubber, Part 10-Compression Set at Constant Strain (1977).
- ASTM D 2240-05: Standard Test Method for Rubber Property–Durometer Hardness (2010).
- IS 5382: Specification for Rubber Sealing Rings for Gas Mains, Water Mains & Sewers (1985).
References
S. Mishra and N.G. Shimpi, J. Sci. Ind. Res. (India), 64, 744 (2005).
K.T. Paul, S.K. Pabi, K.K. Chakraborty and G.B. Nando, Polym. Compos., 30, 1647 (2009); doi:10.1002/pc.20738.
B.R. Stewart, in eds.: K.S. Sajwan, A.K. Alva and R.F. Keefer, Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements in Coal and Coal Combustion Byproduct, Springer, Ch. 1, pp. 1-6 (1999).
S. Thongsang, W. Vorakhan, E. Wimolmala and N. Sombatsompop, Tribol. Int., 53, 134 (2012); doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2012.04.006.
R. Siddique and T.R. Naik, Waste Manage., 24, 563 (2004); doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2004.01.006.
N. Segre and I. Joekes, Cement Concr. Res., 30, 1421 (2000); doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00373-2.
H.S. Lee, H. Lee, J.S. Moon and H.W. Jung, ACI Mater. J., 95, 356 (1998).
C.E. Pierce and M.C. Blackwell, Waste Manage., 23, 197 (2003); doi:10.1016/S0956-053X(02)00160-5.
N.M. Al-Akhras and M.M. Smadi, Cement Concr. Compos., 26, 821 (2004); doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.01.004.
M. Mavroulidou and J. Figueiredo, Global NEST J., 12, 359 (2010).
H. Zhu and D.D. Carlson, Asphalt-Rubber: An Anchor to Crumb Rubber Markets, Third Joint UNCTAD/IRSG Workshop on Rubber and the Environment International Rubber Forum Veracruz, Mexico, October (1999).
S.K. Palit, K.S. Reddy and B.B. Pandey, J. Mater. Civil. Eng., 16, 45 (2004); doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2004)16:1(45).
F. Xiao, S.N. Amirkhanian, J. Shen and B. Putman, Construct. Build. Mater., 23, 1028 (2009); doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.05.002.
M.A. Abdelrahman and S.H. Carpenter, Transport Res. Record, 1661,106 (2007); doi:10.3141/1661-15.
W. Cao, Const. Build. Mater., 21, 1011 (2007); doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.02.004.
S.E. Paje, M. Bueno, F. Terán, R. Miró, F. Pérez-Jiménez and A.H. Martínez, Appl. Acoust., 71, 578 (2010), doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2009.12.003.
K.D. Jeong, S.J. Lee, S.N. Amirkhanian and K.W. Kim, Const. Build. Mater., 24, 824 (2010); doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.10.024.
J. Shen, S. Amirkhanian, F. Xiao and B. Tang, Const. Build. Mater., 23, 304 (2009); doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.12.005.
L. Xiang, J. Cheng and G. Que, Const. Build. Mater., 23, 3586 (2009); doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.06.038.
L. Zanzotto and G. J. Kennepohl, Transport Res. Record, 1530, 51 (1996); doi:10.3141/1530-07.
L.N. Mohammad, B. Huang, F.L. Roberts and M. Rasoulian, Int. J. Road Mater. Pavement Des., 1, 467 (2000).
N. Sombatsompop and C. Kumnuantip, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 87, 1723 (2003); doi:10.1002/app.11698.
A.A. Phadke, S.K. Chakraborty and S.K. De, Rubber Chem. Technol., 57, 19 (1984); doi:10.5254/1.3535994.
A. Yilmaz and N. Degirmenci, Waste Manage., 29, 1541 (2009); doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.11.002.
D.S.V. Prasad and P.G.V.R. Raju, ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 4, 89 (2009).
A. Bala, V.K. Sehgal and B. Saini, Concrete Res. Lett., 5, 842 (2014).
A. Maan, U.K. Niyogi, A.K. Singh, D.S. Mehra and S. Rattan, J. Polym. Mater., 31, 397 (2014).
A. Maan, U. K.Niyogi, A.K. Singh, D.S. Mehra and S. Rattan, J. Polym. Mater., 32, 47 (2015).
IS 3400: Part 10, Indian Standard Methods of Test for Vulcanized Rubber, Part 1- Determination of Tensile Stress-Strain Properties (2010).
IS 3400: Indian Standard Methods of Test for Vulcanized Rubber, Part 12- Tear Strength- Crescent Test Piece (2010).
ASTM D 4060-10, Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abrader (2010).
ASTM E 303-93, Standard Test Method for Measuring Surface Frictional Properties using the British Pendulum Tester (2013).
IS 3400: Indian Standard Methods of Test for Vulcanized Rubber, Part 10-Compression Set at Constant Strain (1977).
ASTM D 2240-05: Standard Test Method for Rubber Property–Durometer Hardness (2010).
IS 5382: Specification for Rubber Sealing Rings for Gas Mains, Water Mains & Sewers (1985).