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Vol. 25 No. 4 (2013): Vol 25 Issue 4

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Historically Heavy Rainfalls in Singapore on 19 November 2009 and 17 July 2010

https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2013.13356
Hidemitsu Katsura
The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Saiwai-Cho 3-Chome, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan ; Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 5-7, Konan 4-Chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan

Corresponding Author(s) : Hidemitsu Katsura

hi@katsura.dk

Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 25 No. 4 (2013): Vol 25 Issue 4

Abstract

On 19 November 2009 and 17 July 2010, historically heavy rainfalls occurred in Singapore. Aerosol samples (PM 4.5) were collected with a sampling pump at a flow rate of 5 L per min from 16 to 22 November 2009, from 08 to 20 February 2010 and from 16 to 28 July 2010. Rainwater samples were collected every 5 mL of rainfall using an Horiba Raingoround sampler from 17 to 21 November 2009, from 10 to 18 February 2010 and from 16 to 28 July 2010 on a rooftop at the National University of Singapore in Singapore. These samples were analyzed by ion chromatography for anions and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for nitrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios. During periods of historically heavy rainfall, the d18O/16O ratios in nitric-oxide substances in aerosols tend to decrease tremendously. The 14N atoms in nitrogen oxide ions in rain drops are converted to 14C through neutron-activated nuclear chemical reactions at higher altitudes. Consequently, d15N/14N ratios increase with the production altitudes of rain drops. Therefore, figures displaying the d15N/14N ratios of nitrogen oxide ions in different separated rainfall fractions have a characteristic form. This implies that there is some relationship between the chemical characterization of aerosols and the chemical characterization of rainfall.

Keywords

Heavy rainfall PM 4.5 aerosol samples Nuclear chemical reactions Wet deposition
Katsura, H. (2012). Historically Heavy Rainfalls in Singapore on 19 November 2009 and 17 July 2010. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 25(4), 2116–2120. https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2013.13356
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