Copyright (c) 2013 AJC
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Determination of Diazinon in Fruits from Northeast of Iran Using the QuEChERS Sample Preparation Method and GC/MS
Corresponding Author(s) : Hashem Akhlaghi
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 25 No. 3 (2013): Vol 25 Issue 3
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify pesticide residues found in cultivated fruits from northeastern Iran during 2011, using the QuEChERS method prior to analysis by GC/MS. Selected fruits were apples, grapes, melons, watermelons and cherries that had been sprayed twice with the organophosphorus pesticide, diazinon, during growth. In 75 samples the mean concentration of diazinon ranged from 0.11 to 0.88 mg/kg. The mean level of diazinon in apple samples was below the maximum residue limit recommended by world health and food and agricultural organizations, while the mean levels of diazinon in grapes, melons, watermelons and cherries exceeded the maximum residue limits. These results provide information on the status in one agricultural area in Iran and point to the necessity of controlling the use of some excessively applied and potentially persistent organophosphorus pesticides.
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References
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L. Wang, Y. Liang and X. Jiang, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 81, 377 (2008).
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E.Z. Neishabouri, Z.M. Hassan, E. Azizi and S.N. Ostad, Toxicology, 196, 173 (2004).
P.L. Crittenden, R. Carr and S.B. Pruett, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 54, 1 (1998).
S.P. Yeh, T.G. Sung, C.C. Chang, W. Cheng and C.M. Kuo, Aquaculture, 243, 383 (2005).
G. Giordano, Z. Afsharinejad, M. Guizzetti, A. Vitalone, T.J. Kavanagh and L.G. Costa, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 219, 181 (2007).
E.D. Wagner, S.M. McMillan and M.J. Plewa, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 75, 329 (2005).
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M.F. Rahman, M. Mahboob, K. Danadevi, B.B. Saleha and P. Grover, Mutat. Res., 516, 139 (2002).
S. Cakir and R. Sarikaya, Food Chem. Toxicol., 43, 443 (2005).
P.C.H. Li, E.J. Swanson and F.A.P.C. Gobas, Can. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 69, 59 (2002).
A. Kruve, A. Kunnapas, K. Herodes and I. Leito, J. Chromatogr. A, 1187, 58 (2008).
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S.C. Cunha, J.O. Fernandes,A. Alves and M.B.P.P. Oliveira, J. Chromatogr. A, 1216, 119 (2009).
S. Chen, X. Yu, X. He, D. Xie, Y. Fan and J. Peng, Food Chem., 113, 1297 (2009).
J. Hernandez-Borges, J.C. Cabrera, M.A. Rodriguez-Delgado, E.M. Hernandez-Suarez and V.G. Sauco, Food Chem., 113, 313 (2009).
R.M. Gonzalez-Rodriguez, B. Cancho-Grande, A. Torrado-Agrasar, J. Simal-Gandara and J. Mazaira-Perez, Food Chem., 117, 529 (2009).
R. Rial-Otero and R.M. Gonzalez-Rodriguez, J. Agric. Food Chem., 52, 7227 (2004).
M. Pateiro-Moure, J.C. Novoa-Munoz, M. Arias-Estevez, E. LopezPeriago, E. Martinez-Carballo and J. Simal-Gandara, J. Hazard. Mater., 164, 769 (2009).
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A. Bermudez-Couso, M. Arias-Estevez, J.C. Novoa-Munoz, E. LopezPeriago, B. Soto-Gonzalez and J. Simal-Gandara, Water Res., 41, 4515 (2007).
R.M. Gonzalez-Rodriguez, B. Cancho-Grande and J. Simal-Gandara, J. Sci. Food Agric., 89, 2625 (2009).
P.P. Vazquez, A.R. Mughari and M.M. Galera, Anal. Chim. Acta, 607, 74 (2008).
M. Anastassiades, S.J. Lehotay, D. Stajnbaher and F.J. Schenck, J. AOAC Int., 86, 412 (2003).
S.J. Lehotay, A. de Kok, M. Hiemstra and P. Bodegraven, J. AOAC Int., 88, 595 (2005).
K. Mastovska and S.J. Lehotay, J. Chromatogr. A, 1040, 259 (2004).
P. Aysal, A. Ambrus, S.J. Lehotay and A. Cannavan, J. Environ. Health B, 42, 481 (2007).
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S.J. Lehotay, K.A. Son, H. Kwon, U. Koesukwiwat, W. Fu, K. Mastovska, E. Hoh and N. Leepipatpiboon, J. Chromatogr. A, 1217, 2548 (2010).
L. Zhao and D. Schultz, Evaluation of the QuEChERS AOAC Sample Preparation Kit for the Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Apples with LC/MS/MS Detection, Agilent Technologies publication 5990-3937EN.
S.J. Lehotay, J. AOAC Int., 90, 485 (2007).
S.K. Lehotay, K. Mastovska and A.R. Lightfield, J. AOAC Int., 88, 615 (2005).
http://www.codexalimentarius.net/pestres/data/pesticides/details. html?id=22 (access date: June, 24th 2012).
http://www.mrldatabase.com/(access date: June, 24th 2012).
http://www.m5.ws001.squarestart.ne.jp/foundation/agrdtl.php?a_inq=38500 (access date: June, 24th 2012).