Copyright (c) 2015 AJC
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Post-Earthquake Impact on Quality of Spring Water in Northern Pakistan
Corresponding Author(s) : M. Aslam Mirza
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 27 No. 5 (2015): Vol 27 Issue 5
Abstract
This study was in progress before earth quake of October 8, 2005 and was extended to assay the post-earthquake impact on the spring water quality in highly devastated areas near the epicenter. The distressed area is situated at the foothills of Himalayas forming primarily the catchments area of Indus river. Thirteen springs were re-sampled 1 month after the earth quake in 2005. The preliminary results indicate TDS for half of the water samples within 115-499 mg/L, for the remaining half it exceeds 500 mg/L. Inter sample, seasonal and hydrological cycle variance indicate no significant change in elemental composition but those contaminated with sewage of deforested locations show substantial variation in elemental content. Low rainfall also deters the dilution of pollutants occurring both naturally and through human activity. This study provides the database of the quality of water of springs in the targeted area.
Keywords
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Center for the Observation and Modeling of Earthquakes and Tectonics (COMET), Locating the Kashmir Fault, http://comet.nerc.ac.uk/news_kashmir.html (2005).
- A.J. Durrani, A.S. Elnashai, Y.M.A. Hashash and A. Masud, The Kashmir Earthquake of October 8, (2005), A Quick Look Report, Mid-America Earthquake Center, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA (2005).
- A. Hussain, Geology and Tectonics of Northern Pakistan with Respect to October 8, 2005, Earthquake, Presented at Earthquake Rehabilitation Conference, Seismology, Structures and Codes, Islamabad, 8-9 November (2005).
- M. Ilyas, E-mail communication with M. Wieland, Chairman of the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) Committee on Seismic Aspects of Dam Design (2005).
- L. Seeber and J.G. Armbruster, in eds.: A. Farah and K.A. DeJong, Seismicity of the Hazara Arc in Northern Pakistan: Decollement vs. Basement Faulting, In: Geodynamics of Pakistan, Geological Survey of Pakistan, pp. 3-42 (1979).
- www.http://internationalrivers.org/node/1283#pk-1.
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River.
- M.A. Mirza, M.Y. Khuhawar and R. Arain, Asian J. Chem., 19, 5279 (2007).
- http://www.ajk.gov.pk/main/index.html .
- M.A. Mirza and M.Y. Khuhawar, J. Sindh Univ. Res Sci. Series, 38, 25 (2006).
- D.N. Wadia, Mem. Geol. Surv. India, 2, 2 (1928).
- M.N. Chaudhry and M. Ashraf, Kash. J. Geol., 2, 1 (1984).
- M. Ghazanfar and M.S. Baig, Kash. J. Geol., 1, 1 (1983).
- C.S. Meddlicott, Rec. Geol. Surv. India, 9, 49 (1896).
- I.A. Khan, M.A. Hashmi and H. Siddiqui, Proceedings of the 4th Pan Indian Ocean Science Congress, (PIOSC 16-24 Nov. 1960) Karachi, Pakistan, pp. 285 (1960).
- M.A. Mirza, G.M. Arain and M.Y. Khuhawar, J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 28, 430 (2006).
- APHA Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association, Washington DC, edn. 17, p. 1497 (1989).
- F. Anderson and B. Olsson, Ecol. Bull., 37, 336 (1985).
- W.T. Swank and D.A. Crossley, Network, 66, 3 (1986).
References
Center for the Observation and Modeling of Earthquakes and Tectonics (COMET), Locating the Kashmir Fault, http://comet.nerc.ac.uk/news_kashmir.html (2005).
A.J. Durrani, A.S. Elnashai, Y.M.A. Hashash and A. Masud, The Kashmir Earthquake of October 8, (2005), A Quick Look Report, Mid-America Earthquake Center, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA (2005).
A. Hussain, Geology and Tectonics of Northern Pakistan with Respect to October 8, 2005, Earthquake, Presented at Earthquake Rehabilitation Conference, Seismology, Structures and Codes, Islamabad, 8-9 November (2005).
M. Ilyas, E-mail communication with M. Wieland, Chairman of the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) Committee on Seismic Aspects of Dam Design (2005).
L. Seeber and J.G. Armbruster, in eds.: A. Farah and K.A. DeJong, Seismicity of the Hazara Arc in Northern Pakistan: Decollement vs. Basement Faulting, In: Geodynamics of Pakistan, Geological Survey of Pakistan, pp. 3-42 (1979).
www.http://internationalrivers.org/node/1283#pk-1.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River.
M.A. Mirza, M.Y. Khuhawar and R. Arain, Asian J. Chem., 19, 5279 (2007).
http://www.ajk.gov.pk/main/index.html .
M.A. Mirza and M.Y. Khuhawar, J. Sindh Univ. Res Sci. Series, 38, 25 (2006).
D.N. Wadia, Mem. Geol. Surv. India, 2, 2 (1928).
M.N. Chaudhry and M. Ashraf, Kash. J. Geol., 2, 1 (1984).
M. Ghazanfar and M.S. Baig, Kash. J. Geol., 1, 1 (1983).
C.S. Meddlicott, Rec. Geol. Surv. India, 9, 49 (1896).
I.A. Khan, M.A. Hashmi and H. Siddiqui, Proceedings of the 4th Pan Indian Ocean Science Congress, (PIOSC 16-24 Nov. 1960) Karachi, Pakistan, pp. 285 (1960).
M.A. Mirza, G.M. Arain and M.Y. Khuhawar, J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 28, 430 (2006).
APHA Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association, Washington DC, edn. 17, p. 1497 (1989).
F. Anderson and B. Olsson, Ecol. Bull., 37, 336 (1985).
W.T. Swank and D.A. Crossley, Network, 66, 3 (1986).