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Characterization of Keratin Hydrolyzates Prepared from Sheep Wool
Corresponding Author(s) : Pavel Mokrejš
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 26 No. 19 (2014): Vol 26 Issue 19
Abstract
Preparation of keratin hydrolyzates through alkaline-enzymatic hydrolysis was already described earlier. Employment of hydrolyzates in practice requires knowledge of their composition, thermal stability and molecular weight. The aim of this contribution is to determine molecular weight of keratin hydrolyzates (prepared from sheep wool). Molecular weight (Mw) of keratin hydrolyzates was determined by SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). Selection of hydrolysis conditions allows to prepare hydrolyzates with predominant share of low-molecular fractions (Mw < 10 kDa), intermediate-molecular fractions (Mw » 10-50 kDa) or high-molecular fractions (Mw > 70 kDa). Optimal conditions for preparing keratin hydrolyzates are as follows: in 1st stage of hydrolysis, acting on wool with 0.6 % KOH at 90 °C for 48 h; in 2nd stage of hydrolysis, adding 1 % (w/w) proteolytic enzyme Savinase 6 T and stirring at 40 °C for 24 h. Under these conditions, breakdown efficiency is 63 % and a hydrolyzate is prepared containing 11.5 % N, 14.9 % ash, 2.58 % sulphur and a high portion of intermediate- and high-molecular fractions which is comparable in quality to technical gelatine. Keratin hydrolyzate can be employed, for example, to produce wrapping materials (films, coatings, encapsulates).
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- M.A. Meyers, P.Y. Chen, A.Y.M. Lin and Y. Seki, Progr. Mater. Sci., 53, 1 (2008); doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2007.05.002.
- M. Zoccola, A. Aluigi and C. Tonin, J. Mol. Struct., 938, 35 (2009); doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2009.08.036.
- W. Simpson and G. Crawshaw, Wool: Science and Technology, Woodhead Publ., Cambridge (2002).
- A. Grazziotin, F.A. Pimentel, S. Sangali, E.V. deJong and A. Brandelli, Bioresour. Technol., 98, 3172 (2007); doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2006.10.034.
- A. Vesela and M.J. Friedrich, Biotechnol. Bioproc. Eng., 14, 84 (2009); doi:10.1007/s12257-008-0083-7.
- G. Coward-Kelly, F.K. Agbogbo and M.T. Holtzapple, Bioresour. Technol., 97, 1344 (2006); doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2005.05.017.
- R. Gupta and P. Ramnani, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 70, 21 (2006); doi:10.1007/s00253-005-0239-8.
- A. Gousterova, M. Nustorova, I. Goshev, P. Christov, D. Braikova, K. Tishinov, T. Haertle and P. Nedkov, Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip., 17, 140 (2003); doi:10.1080/13102818.2003.10817072.
- A.A. Khardenavis, A. Kapley and J. Purohit, Waste Manage., 29, 1409 (2009); doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.10.009.
- A. Grazziotin, F.A. Pimentel, E.V. deJong and A. Brandelli, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 126, 135 (2006); doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.06.002.
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- A. Bertsch and N. Coello, Bioresour. Technol., 96, 1703 (2005); doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2004.12.026.
- N.H. Odetallah, J.J. Wang, J.D. Garlich and J.C.H. Shih, Poult. Sci., 82, 664 (2003); doi:10.1093/ps/82.4.664.
- S. Reichl, Biomaterials, 30, 6854 (2009); doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.08.051.
- X. Yang, H. Zhang, X. Yuan and S. Cui, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 336, 756 (2009); doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2009.04.050.
- J. Li, Y. Li, L. Li, A.F.T. Mak, F. Ko and L. Qin, Composites B, 40, 664 (2009); doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2009.04.012.
- G. Secchi, Clin. Dermatol., 26, 321 (2008); doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2008.04.004.
- R. Karthikeyan, S. Balaji and P.K. Sehgal, J. Sci. Ind. Res. (India), 66, 710 (2007).
- P. Mokrejs, O. Krejci, P. Svoboda and V. Vasek, Rasayan J. Chem., 4, 728 (2011).
- P. Mokrejs, O. Krejci and P. Svoboda, Oriental J. Chem., 27, 1303 (2011).
- P. Mokrejs, P. Svoboda, J. Hrncirik, D. Janacova and V. Vasek, Waste Manage. Res., 29, 260 (2011); doi:10.1177/0734242X10370378.
- P. Mokrejs, J. Hrncirik, D. Janacova and P. Svoboda, Asian J. Chem., 24, 1489 (2012).
- O. Krejci and P. Mokrejs, Waste Forum, 1, 35 (2010).
- AOAC, 935.46, Gelatin - Ash, Moisture, Nitrogen (1998).
- AOAC 955.48, Microchemical Determination of Sulfur (1998).
- J.A. Arnesen and A. Gildberg, Bioresour. Technol., 98, 53 (2007); doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2005.11.021.
- O. Krejci and P. Mokrejs, Waste Forum, 4, 216 (2012).
References
M.A. Meyers, P.Y. Chen, A.Y.M. Lin and Y. Seki, Progr. Mater. Sci., 53, 1 (2008); doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2007.05.002.
M. Zoccola, A. Aluigi and C. Tonin, J. Mol. Struct., 938, 35 (2009); doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2009.08.036.
W. Simpson and G. Crawshaw, Wool: Science and Technology, Woodhead Publ., Cambridge (2002).
A. Grazziotin, F.A. Pimentel, S. Sangali, E.V. deJong and A. Brandelli, Bioresour. Technol., 98, 3172 (2007); doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2006.10.034.
A. Vesela and M.J. Friedrich, Biotechnol. Bioproc. Eng., 14, 84 (2009); doi:10.1007/s12257-008-0083-7.
G. Coward-Kelly, F.K. Agbogbo and M.T. Holtzapple, Bioresour. Technol., 97, 1344 (2006); doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2005.05.017.
R. Gupta and P. Ramnani, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 70, 21 (2006); doi:10.1007/s00253-005-0239-8.
A. Gousterova, M. Nustorova, I. Goshev, P. Christov, D. Braikova, K. Tishinov, T. Haertle and P. Nedkov, Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip., 17, 140 (2003); doi:10.1080/13102818.2003.10817072.
A.A. Khardenavis, A. Kapley and J. Purohit, Waste Manage., 29, 1409 (2009); doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.10.009.
A. Grazziotin, F.A. Pimentel, E.V. deJong and A. Brandelli, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 126, 135 (2006); doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.06.002.
A.A. Onifade, N.A. Al-Sane, A.A. Al-Musallam and S. Al-Zarban, Bioresour. Technol., 66, 1 (1998); doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(98)00033-9.
V.D. Zheljazkov, G.W. Stratton, J. Pincock, S. Butler, E.A. Jeliazkova, N.K. Nedkov and P.D. Gerard, Waste Manage., 29, 2160 (2009); doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2009.03.009.
P. Dalev, I. Ivanov and A. Liubomirova, J. Sci. Food Agric., 73, 242 (1997); doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199702)73:2<242::AID-JSFA712>3.0.CO;2-3.
A. Bertsch and N. Coello, Bioresour. Technol., 96, 1703 (2005); doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2004.12.026.
N.H. Odetallah, J.J. Wang, J.D. Garlich and J.C.H. Shih, Poult. Sci., 82, 664 (2003); doi:10.1093/ps/82.4.664.
S. Reichl, Biomaterials, 30, 6854 (2009); doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.08.051.
X. Yang, H. Zhang, X. Yuan and S. Cui, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 336, 756 (2009); doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2009.04.050.
J. Li, Y. Li, L. Li, A.F.T. Mak, F. Ko and L. Qin, Composites B, 40, 664 (2009); doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2009.04.012.
G. Secchi, Clin. Dermatol., 26, 321 (2008); doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2008.04.004.
R. Karthikeyan, S. Balaji and P.K. Sehgal, J. Sci. Ind. Res. (India), 66, 710 (2007).
P. Mokrejs, O. Krejci, P. Svoboda and V. Vasek, Rasayan J. Chem., 4, 728 (2011).
P. Mokrejs, O. Krejci and P. Svoboda, Oriental J. Chem., 27, 1303 (2011).
P. Mokrejs, P. Svoboda, J. Hrncirik, D. Janacova and V. Vasek, Waste Manage. Res., 29, 260 (2011); doi:10.1177/0734242X10370378.
P. Mokrejs, J. Hrncirik, D. Janacova and P. Svoboda, Asian J. Chem., 24, 1489 (2012).
O. Krejci and P. Mokrejs, Waste Forum, 1, 35 (2010).
AOAC, 935.46, Gelatin - Ash, Moisture, Nitrogen (1998).
AOAC 955.48, Microchemical Determination of Sulfur (1998).
J.A. Arnesen and A. Gildberg, Bioresour. Technol., 98, 53 (2007); doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2005.11.021.
O. Krejci and P. Mokrejs, Waste Forum, 4, 216 (2012).