Copyright (c) 2014 AJC
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Characteristics of Phthalates in the Indoor Air of Computer Classrooms
Corresponding Author(s) : Chun-Fu Chiu
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 26 No. 19 (2014): Vol 26 Issue 19
Abstract
We evaluated the airborne phthalate concentrations inside and outside of two computer classrooms and one office located on a Taiwanese college campus. The four phthalates with the highest median concentrations in indoor air were diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP, 2012.5 ng/m3), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP, 329.4 ng/m3), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP, 167.6 ng/m3) and diethyl phthalate (DEP, 149.6 ng/m3). Only DBP was detected in the outdoor air, with a median concentration of 174.3 ng/m3. The reference outdoor DBP concentrations were approximately 3-100 times lower than the present indoor DBP concentration results. This strongly indicates that the emission sources were present in the indoor environment. Furthermore,when personal computers were turned on, the concentrations of DEP, DBP, DIBP and DEHP in the indoor air increased and DEHP was a note worthy characteristic phthalate. Opening the doors and windows immediately after entering a computer classroom and decreasing the indoor particle concentrations are both suggested to reduce the exposure of users to DEHP.
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- U. Heudorf, V. Mersch-Sundermann and J. Angerer, Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 210, 623 (2007); doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.07.011.
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- F.H. Chang, C.R. Yang, C.Y. Tsai and W.C. Lin, Iran. J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng., 6, 121 (2009).
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- A. Thuren and P. Larsson, Environ. Sci. Technol., 24, 554 (1990); doi:10.1021/es00074a015.
- Environmental Agency of Japan, The Survey Data of the Levels of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Atmosphere, Tokyo, Japan (1999).
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References
U. Heudorf, V. Mersch-Sundermann and J. Angerer, Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 210, 623 (2007); doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.07.011.
K.E. Rakkestad, C.J. Dye, K.E. Yttri, J.A. Holme, J.K. Hongslo, P.E. Schwarze and R. Becher, J. Environ. Monit., 9, 1419 (2007); doi:10.1039/b709947a.
R.A. Rudel and L.J. Perovich, Atmos. Environ., 43, 170 (2009); doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.025.
T. Schettler, Int. J. Androl., 29, 134 (2006); doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00567.x.
H. Fromme, T. Lahrz, M. Piloty, H. Gebhart, A. Oddoy and H. Rüden, Indoor Air, 14, 188 (2004); doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00223.x.
R. Hauser, J.D. Meeker, S. Park, M.J. Silva and A.M. Calafat, Environ. Health Perspect., 112, 1734 (2004); doi:10.1289/ehp.7212.
R.A. Rudel, J.M. Gray, C.L. Engel, T.W. Rawsthorne, R.E. Dodson, J.M. Ackerman, J. Rizzo, J.L. Nudelman and J.G. Brody, Environ. Health Perspect., 119, 914 (2011); doi:10.1289/ehp.1003170.
Z. Bakó-Biró, P. Wargocki, C.J. Weschler and P.O. Fanger, Indoor Air, 14, 178 (2004); doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00218.x.
B.P. Hikwama, Bachelor Thesis, Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, University of Southern Queensland, Queensland, Australia (October, 2005).
M. Wensing, T. Kummer, A. Riemann and W. Schwampe, in Proceedings 9th International Conference on Indoor Air and Climate, Vol. 2, p. 554, Monterey, CA (2002).
M. Wensing, E. Uhde and T. Salthammer, Sci. Total Environ., 339, 19 (2005); doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.10.028.
M. Wintzen and E.J. Van Zuuren, Contact Dermat., 48, 241 (2003); doi:10.1034/j.1600-0536.2003.00085.x.
B.J. Davis, R.R. Maronpot and J.J. Heindel, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 128, 216 (1994); doi:10.1006/taap.1994.1200.
M. Ema and E. Miyawaki, Reprod. Toxicol., 15, 189 (2001); doi:10.1016/S0890-6238(01)00111-3.
T.N. Lovekamp and B.J. Davis, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 172, 217 (2001); doi:10.1006/taap.2001.9156.
W.W. Huber, B. Grasl-Kraupp and R. Schulte-Hermann, CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 26, 365 (1996); doi:10.3109/10408449609048302.
E.G. Valles, A.R. Laughter, C.S. Dunn, S. Cannelle, C.L. Swanson, R.C. Cattley and J.C. Corton, Toxicology, 191, 211 (2003); doi:10.1016/S0300-483X(03)00260-9.
S.H. Swan, K.M. Main, F. Liu, S.L. Stewart, R.L. Kruse, A.M. Calafat, C.S. Mao, J.B. Redmon, C.L. Ternand, S. Sullivan and J.L. Teague, Environ. Health Perspect., 113, 1056 (2005); doi:10.1289/ehp.8100.
S.M. Duty, A.M. Calafat, M.J. Silva, L. Ryan and R. Hauser, Hum. Reprod., 20, 604 (2005); doi:10.1093/humrep/deh656.
L. Cobellis, G. Latini, C. De Felice, S. Razzi, I. Paris, F. Ruggieri, P. Mazzeo and F. Petraglia, Hum. Reprod., 18, 1512 (2003); doi:10.1093/humrep/deg254.
I. Colón, D. Caro, C.J. Bourdony and O. Rosario, Environ. Health Perspect., 108, 895 (2000); doi:10.1289/ehp.00108895.
J.A. Hoppin, Epidemiology, 14, 259 (2003).
G. Bekö, C.J. Weschler, S. Langer, M. Callesen, J. Toftum and G. Clausen, PLoS ONE, 8, e62442 (2013); doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062442.
C. Bergh, K. Magnus Åberg, M. Svartengren, G. Emenius and C. Östman, J. Environ. Monit., 13, 2001 (2011); doi:10.1039/c1em10152h.
T. Otake, J. Yoshinaga and Y. Yanagisawa, J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol., 14, 524 (2004); doi:10.1038/sj.jea.7500352.
C. Bergh, R. Torgrip, G. Emenius and C. Ostman, Indoor Air, 21, 67 (2011); doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00684.x.
J.J. Adibi, R.M. Whyatt, P.L. Williams, A.M. Calafat, D. Camann, R. Herrick, H. Nelson, H.K. Bhat, F.A. Perera, M.J. Silva and R. Hauser, Environ. Health Perspect., 116, 467 (2008); doi:10.1289/ehp.10749.
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F.H. Chang, Y.Y. Li, C.Y. Tsai and C.R. Yang, Int. J. Environ. Res., 3, 517 (2009).
F.H. Chang, C.R. Yang, C.Y. Tsai and W.C. Lin, Iran. J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng., 6, 121 (2009).
T. Otake, J. Yoshinaga and Y. Yanagisawa, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 3099 (2001); doi:10.1021/es001914o.
R.A. Rudel, R.E. Dodson, L.J. Perovich, R. Morello-Frosch, D.E. Camann, M.M. Zuniga, A.Y. Yau, A.C. Just and J.G. Brody, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 6583 (2010); doi:10.1021/es100159c.
A. Kanazawa, I. Saito, A. Araki, M. Takeda, M. Ma, Y. Saijo and R. Kishi, Indoor Air, 20, 72 (2010); doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00629.x.
http://www.greenfacts.org/glossary/def/di-isobutyl-phthalate.htm.
C.A. Stales, D.R. Peterson, T.F. Parkerton and W.J. Adams, Chemosphere, 35, 667 (1997); doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00195-1.
Z. Xie, R. Ebinghaus, C. Temme, R. Lohmann, A. Caba and W. Ruck, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 4555 (2007); doi:10.1021/es0630240.
A. Thuren and P. Larsson, Environ. Sci. Technol., 24, 554 (1990); doi:10.1021/es00074a015.
Environmental Agency of Japan, The Survey Data of the Levels of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Atmosphere, Tokyo, Japan (1999).
Z. Xie, J. Selzer, R. Ebinghaus, A. Caba and W. Ruck, Anal. Chim. Acta, 565, 198 (2006); doi:10.1016/j.aca.2006.02.027.
M.J. Teil, M. Blanchard and M. Chevreuil, Sci. Total Environ., 354, 212 (2006); doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.12.083.
W.J.G.M. Peijnenburg and J. Struijs, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 63, 204 (2006); doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.07.023.
P. Wang, S.L. Wang and C.Q. Fan, Chemosphere, 72, 1567 (2008); doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.032.
J.L. Benning, Z. Liu, A. Tiwari, J.C. Little and L.C. Marr, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 2696 (2013); doi:10.1021/es304725b.
Y. Xu, Z. Liu, J. Park, P.A. Clausen, J.L. Benning and J.C. Little, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 12534 (2012); doi:10.1021/es302319m.