Issue

Vol. 38 No. 9 (2026): Vol 38 Issue 9 Year 2026

Copyright (c) 2026 Sarapee Chunkaew, Somporn Ruang-on, Prawit Nuengmatcha

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Efficient Removal of Methylene Blue Dye and Ofloxacin Antibiotic using Eggshell Waste as Adsorbent

https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2026.36440
Sarapee Chunkaew
Creative Innovation in Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajabhat University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80280, Thailand
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0790-5941
Somporn Ruang-On
Creative Innovation in Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajabhat University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80280, Thailand
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7836-0426
Prawit Nuengmatcha
Creative Innovation in Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajabhat University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80280, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Nanomaterials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajabhat University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80280, Thailand
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0642-4598

Corresponding Author(s) : Prawit Nuengmatcha

prawit_nue@nstru.ac.th

Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 38 No. 9 (2026): Vol 38 Issue 9 Year 2026

Abstract

Eggshell waste, an inexpensive and abundant material, serves as an eco-friendly adsorbent for wastewater treatment. This study evaluates its efficiency in removing methylene blue (MB) dye and ofloxacin (OFX) antibiotic from aqueous solutions. The adsorbent was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to assess its surface morphology and composition. Batch adsorption experiments identified the optimal conditions as 0.04 g of adsorbent, a contact time of 120 min, an initial MB concentration of 4 mg/L and an initial OFX concentration of 6 mg/L. Under these conditions, the removal efficiencies reached 73.01% for MB and 85.34% for OFX, with maximum adsorption capacities of 9.95 mg/g and 0.93 mg/g, respectively. Methylene blue (MB) dye adsorption was strongly affected by solution pH and electrostatic interactions, whereas OFX adsorption involved electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding and surface complexation. Kinetic studies revealed that MB adsorption followed a multi-step diffusion mechanism, while OFX adsorption was best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption of both pollutants was spontaneous and endothermic, accompanied by positive entropy changes. The adsorbent exhibited good regeneration performance, retaining more than 50% of its MB and OFX removal efficiencies after five adsorption-desorption cycles. These findings demonstrate that the eggshell waste calcined at 600 ºC is an efficient, reusable and sustainable adsorbent with considerable potential for the treatment of dye- and antibiotic contaminated wastewater.

Keywords

Eggshell waste Methylene blue Ofloxacin Adsorption
(1)
Chunkaew, S.; Ruang-On, S.; Nuengmatcha, P. Efficient Removal of Methylene Blue Dye and Ofloxacin Antibiotic Using Eggshell Waste As Adsorbent. ajc 2026, 38, 2341-2355.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. R. Al-Tohamy, S.S. Ali, F. Li, K.M. Okasha, Y.A.G. Mahmoud, T. Elsamahy, H. Jiao, Y. Fu and J. Sun, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 231, 113160 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113160
  2. Z.M. Hanafiah, W.H.M.Wan Mohtar, K.N.A. Maulud, W.A.A.Q.Imad Wan-Mohtar, M.N. Ebrahim, T.S.B. Abd Manan, A. Indarto, H.A. Afan and Z.M. Yaseen, Emerg. Contam., 11, 100585 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emcon.2025.100585
  3. M.I. Din, R. Khalid, J. Najeeb and Z. Hussain, J. Clean. Prod., 298, 126567 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126567
  4. V.A. Thai, V.D. Dang, N.T. Thuy, B. Pandit, T.K.Q. Vo and A.P. Khedulkar, J. Clean. Prod., 418, 137762 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137762
  5. Q. Feng, K. Guo, B. Liu, C. Wang, B. Yan, Q. Yue, Y. Gao and B. Gao, J. Clean. Prod., 514, 145825 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.145825
  6. Y. Yang, X. Zeng, Z. Zeng, L. Wang, P. Zhu, L. Tang and L. Zhu, Sep. Purif. Technol., 380, 135308 (2026); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2025.135308
  7. D. Iqbal, R. Ullah, R. Zhao, Y. Dou, D. Yan and X. Ning, Sep. Purif. Technol., 339, 126677 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2024.126677
  8. J. Sánchez-SanMartín, S.L. Márquez, G Espina, R. Cortés-Antiquera, J. Sun and J.M. Blamey, Biomolecules 14, 369 (2024); https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14030369
  9. Momina and K. Ahmad, J. Clean. Prod., 388, 136014 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136014
  10. S.E. Meziani, H. Agnaou, H.E. Haddaj, W. Boumya, N. Barka and A. Elhalil, Clean Chem. Eng., 12, 100210 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clce.2025.100210
  11. Z.T. Chong, L.S. Soh and W.F. Yong, Results Eng., 17, 100960 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.100960
  12. M.G. Rinaudo, S.E. Collins and M.R. Morales, Eng. Proc., 67, 36 (2024); https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067036
  13. A. Manyatshe and L.L. Sibali, Heliyon, 11, e42278 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42278
  14. B.B. Kargule, M. Al-Asadi, S. Al-Anssari, H.S.S. Aljibori, H.T. Hamzah, K.T. Tastambek, T.A. Abdullah and O.I. Abdullah, ASEAN J. Sci. Eng., 5, 369 (2025); http://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/AJSE/
  15. A. Murcia-Salvador, J.A. Pellicer, M.I. Rodríguez-López, V.M. Gómez-López, E. Núñez-Delicado and J.A. Gabaldón, Materials, 13, 1262 (2020); https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1306126
  16. W.I. Mortada, M.M. Ghaith, N.E. Khedr, M.I. Ellethy, A.W. Mohsen and A.L. Shafik, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 31, 42330 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33860-3
  17. K. Kaliannan and S. Kaliannan, Global NEST J., 27, 07639 (2025); https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.07639
  18. M.S. Tizo, L.A.V. Blanco, A.C.Q. Cagas, B.R.B.D. Cruz, J.C. Encoy, J.V. Gunting, R.O. Arazo and V.I.F. Mabayo, Sustain. Environ. Res., 28, 326e332 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.serj.2018.09.002
  19. D.K. Dewi, V.M. Putri, V. Febriyanti and D.C.S. Yudha, Equilibrium J. Chem. Eng., 8, 087 (2023); https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.74484
  20. A. Razak, N.M. Isa, S. Kinit and S. Adzila, EVERGREEN J. Novel Carbon Resour. Sci. Green Asia Strat., 10, 782 (2023); https://doi.org/10.5109/6792828
  21. R.O. Zonato, B.R. Estevam, I.D. Perez, V.A.S. Ribeiro and R.F. Boina, Clean. Chem. Eng., 2, 100023 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clce.2022.100023
  22. A. Basit, Z. Yaqoob, A. Zahid, S. Ali, B. Shoukat, A. Khaliq, M.T. Chughtai, R. Batul, M.A.U. Rehman and S.W. Husain, Heliyon, 11, e41063 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41063
  23. N.L. Bih, M.J. Rwiza, A.S. Ripanda, A.A. Mahamat, R.L. Machunda and J.W. Choi, Heliyon, 11, e41150 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41150
  24. H. Ouaddari, B. Abbou, I. Lebkiri, A. Habsaoui, M. Ouzzine and R.F. Allah, Chem. Phys. Impact, 8, 100405 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chphi.2023.100405
  25. R.K. Adday and H.M. Flayeh, Al-Khwarizmi Eng. J., 21, 23 (2025); https://doi.org/10.22153/kej.2025.02.002
  26. Y.C. Sharma, Uma and S.N. Upadhyay, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 89, 377 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.20393
  27. P.S. Kumar, R.V. Abhinaya, K.G. Lashmi, V. Arthi, R. Pavithra, V. Sathyaselvabala, S.D. Kirupha, and S. Sivanesan, Colloid J., 73, 651 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061933X11050061
  28. D. Balarak, J. Jaafari, G. Hassani, Y. Mahdavi, I. Tyagi, S. Agarwal and V.K. Gupta, Colloid Interface Sci. Commun., 7, 16 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colcom.2015.11.004
  29. G. Patel, V. Diwan and S.K. Sar, Next Nanotechnol., 9, 100464 (2026); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxnano.2026.100464
  30. J. Wang, X. Li, Y. Fang, Q. Huang and Y. Wang, Colloid. Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 742, 140419 (2026); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2026.140419
  31. G. Zou, N. Zou, Y. Tan, H. Xiao, Q. Cheng, Z. Liu, K. Wang, J. Zhu, F. Yang, D. Dua and Y. Chen, Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 27, 3875 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EM00659G
Read More
Author biographies is not available.
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC
Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 1 Download : 0
PlumX