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Vol. 38 No. 8 (2026): Vol 38, Issue 8 (2026)

Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Najm, douglas Law, Chang Sook Keng, Loh Chee Keat, Manzoor Hussain, Muhammad Yasin, Sarantuya Durakhol, shazrul fazry

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Tropical Phytochemicals in ZnO Nanoparticle Synthesis: Antibacterial Action, UV Protection and Future Perspectives

https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2026.35626
Douglas Law
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia; Faculty of Health Sciences, Shinawatra University, Pathum Thani, Thailand; Department of General Education Disciplines, International Institute of Management and Business, Minsk, Belarus
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7824-3542
Chang Sook Keng
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1293-8867
Loh Chee Keat
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8970-2047
Manzoor Hussain
Department of Chemistry, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1542-4856
Muhammad Yasin
Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8177-3665
Sarantuya Durakhol
School of Technology, Mongolia International University, Darkhan, Mongolia
https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9617-8439
Shazrul Fazry
Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7072-8609
Ahmed Abdulkareem Najm
Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1206-694X

Corresponding Author(s) : Ahmed Abdulkareem Najm

ahmednajm@ukm.edu.my

Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 38 No. 8 (2026): Vol 38, Issue 8 (2026)

Abstract

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are widely studied with diverse applications in biomedicine, cosmetics and environmental technologies due to their unique physico-chemical properties, including a tunable bandgap (3.2-3.4 eV), high exciton binding energy (~60 meV) and strong photocatalytic activity. Conventional synthesis methods often rely on toxic chemicals and energy-intensive conditions, whereas plant-mediated green synthesis offers a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative. This review systematically evaluates and focused only on the biosynthesis of ZnO NPs using tropical plant extracts, with particular emphasis on the roles of phytochemicals including flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids and alkaloids, in regulating nanoparticle nucleation, growth and stabilisation. Current evidence indicates that ZnO NPs formation primarily follows a hydrolysis–dehydration pathway involving zinc hydroxide intermediates rather than the direct reduction of Zn2+ to metallic zinc. Comparative analysis of reported studies shows that green-synthesised ZnO NPs typically exhibit particle sizes of 10-50 nm and demonstrate strong antibacterial activity (MIC 22-40 µg/mL) through reactive oxygen species generation, membrane disruption and metabolic interference. In addition to antimicrobial activity, ZnO NPs provide broad-spectrum UV protection and have potential applications in drug delivery, wound healing and active food packaging. Despite these advantages, challenges remain in standardizing synthesis, achieving scalability and evaluating long-term safety. Future research integrating artificial intelligence–assisted optimisation and hybrid nanocomposite design may improve the reproducibility and functional performance of plant-mediated ZnO nanomaterials for sustainable biomedical and industrial applications.

Keywords

Zinc oxide nanoparticles Green synthesis Tropical plants Sustainability Human health
(1)
Law, D.; Keng, C. S.; Keat, L. C.; Hussain, M.; Yasin, M.; Durakhol, S.; Fazry, S.; Najm, A. A. Tropical Phytochemicals in ZnO Nanoparticle Synthesis: Antibacterial Action, UV Protection and Future Perspectives. ajc 2026, 38, 1978-1986.
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