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Vol. 38 No. 7 (2026): Vol. 38, No 7 (2026)

Copyright (c) 2026 Markandeya Namani Education

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Synthesis of Three Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complexes of 2-(4-(Pyrrolidine-1-yl)phenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline: Characterisation, DNA Binding, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxicity Studies

https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2026.36068
Markandeya Namani
Department of Chemistry, NTR Government Degree College for Women (A), Palamuru University, Mahabubnagar-509001, India
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6298-3896
Navaneetha Nambigari
Department of Chemistry, NTR Government Degree College for Women (A), Palamuru University, Mahabubnagar-509001, India; Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Saifabad, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500004, India
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7153-921X

Corresponding Author(s) : Markandeya Namani

namanimark79@gmail.com

Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 38 No. 7 (2026): Vol. 38, No 7 (2026)

Abstract

Three Ru(II) complexes having general formula, [Ru(A)2PPIP](ClO4)2·2H2O, where PPIP = 2-(4-(pyrrolidine-1-yl)phenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f]-[1,10]phenanthroline and A = phen = 1,10 phenanthroline (1), bpy = bipyridine (2), dmb = 4,4'-dimethyl 2,2'-bipyridine (3) were synthesised. In order to conduct the structural investigation of these complexes, various techniques such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, ESI mass and UV-visible were utilised. The Ru(II) complexes were confirmed to have an octahedral geometry based on the spectroscopic and analytical results. Their interaction with DNA was systematically investigated using UV-Vis absorption, fluorescence quenching and viscosity measurements, all of which consistently indicated an intercalative binding mode. The agreement among these techniques strengthens the proposed DNA-binding mechanism. Furthermore, DNA cleavage studies revealed that all the three Ru(II) complexes effectively converted supercoiled DNA (Form I) into nicked circular DNA (Form II), demonstrating their significant DNA-cleaving capability. In vitro biological evaluations against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microbial strains revealed that the Ru(II) complexes exhibited superior antimicrobial activity compared with the PPIP ligand. Cytotoxicity studies further demonstrated that the Ru(II) complexes were more potent than the free ligand, while showing enhanced activity relative to the reference standards. In addition, molecular modelling investigations were performed to elucidate their geometric and electronic characteristics. The electrostatic potential surface contours for the complexes were also analysed to obtain the insights into the charge distribution and their nucleophilic level of sensitivity.

Keywords

Ruthenium(II) complexes Phenanthroline Bipyridine DNA binding Intercalation Photocleavage Biological activity
(1)
Namani, M.; Nambigari, N. Synthesis of Three Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complexes of 2-(4-(Pyrrolidine-1-yl)phenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline: Characterisation, DNA Binding, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxicity Studies. ajc 2026, 38, 1862-1872.
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