Copyright (c) 2026 Murtihapsari Murtihapsari, Agnes Dyah Novitasari Lestari, Antoni Ungirwalu, Evelina Somar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Formulation and Evaluation of Ethanolic Extract of Black Fruit (Haplolobus sp.) Leaves and Chitosan-Tripolyphosphate Mixture as Antioxidant and Antibacterial Agents
Corresponding Author(s) : Murtihapsari
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 38 No. 3 (2026): Vol 38 Issue 3, 2026
Abstract
This study investigated the mixture system comprising an ethanolic extract of black fruit (Haplolobus sp.) leaves and chitosan-tripolyphosphate (TPP), hereinafter called extract-chitosan-TPP mixture (ECTM), with a focus on its an antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The solution was prepared by adding the extract to the chitosan solution followed by the addition of TPP and then subsequent sonication. The resulting ECTM was centrifuged and then its encapsulation efficiency was determined based on the phenolic content using gallic acid method. The results showed that the ECTM particle size ranged from 190.7 to 496.8 nm with a polydispersity index of less than 0.5, which indicated that the suspension was homogeneous. The statistical results based on Taguchi method showed that the smallest possible size was 187.08 nm at a chitosan:TPP ratio of 0.2, extract concentration of 15% and ultrasonic time of 10 min. Encapsulation efficiency ranged from 75.45-80.43%. The antioxidant activity, expressed as IC50 values, ranged from 0.54 to 25.77, while the antibacterial activity was highest for sample E, showing inhibition of 15.63% against Staphylococcus aureus and 14.70% against Escherichia coli, relative to the antibacterial activity of chloramphenicol.
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- A. David, Y.D. Thangavel and R. Sankriti, Int. J. Mechan. Prod. Eng. Res. Develop., 9, 31 (2019); https://doi.org/10.24247/ijmperdjun20194
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References
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X. Mao, N. Guo, J. Sun and C. Xue, J. Clean. Prod., 143, 814 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.042
P. Kusnadi, P. Purgiyanti, A.C. Kumoro and A.M. Legowo, Biodiversitas, 23, 1267 (2022); https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230310
S.(G.) Kou, L.M. Peters and M.R. Mucalo, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 169, 85 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.005
M. Nasaj, M. Chehelgerdi, B. Asghari, A. Ahmadieh-Yazdi, M. Asgari, S. Kabiri-Samani, E. Sharifi and M. Arabestani, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 277(Pt. 2), 134321 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134321
M. Yildirim-Aksoy and B.H. Beck, J. Appl. Microbiol., 122, 1570 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13460
M. García-Carrasco, O. Valdez-Baro, L.A. Cabanillas-Bojórquez, M.J. Bernal-Millán, M.M. Rivera-Salas, E.P. Gutiérrez-Grijalva and J.B. Heredia, Macromol., 3, 614 (2023); https://doi.org/10.3390/macromol3030034
C. Thambiliyagodage, M. Jayanetti, A. Mendis and G. Ekanayake, Materials, 16, 2073 (2023); https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16052073
A. Ungirwalu, S.A. Awang, A. Maryudi and P. Suryanto, J. Manusia Dan Lingkungan, 23, 266 (2016); https://doi.org/10.22146/jml.18799
N.U. Olivia, C.G. Umeh, and M.O. Ogugofor, Future J. Pharm. Sci., 7, 59 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-021-00208-4
M. Tahir, A. Muflihunna and S. Syafrianti, J. Fitofarmaka Indonesia, 4, 215 (2017); https://doi.org/10.33096/jffi.v4i1.231
A.J. Harborne, Phytochemical Methods A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis, Springer Dordrecht (1998).
S.B. Kedare and R.P. Singh, J. Food Sci. Technol., 48, 412 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0251-1
A. Ainurofiq, A.A. Suryanto, B.S. Beltiartono, N.A. Merdekawati, N.P. Ardiyani, Q.Y.C. Farohma, A. Budiman, Y.W. Wardhana and Y. P. Nugraha, Multidisciplinary Rev., 8, 2025269 (2025); https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2025269
S. Prabha, G. Arya, R. Chandra, B. Ahmed and S. Nimesh, Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol., 44, 83 (2016); https://doi.org/10.3109/21691401.2014.913054
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M. Sharma, R. Sharma, and D. K. Jain, Asian J. Pharm., 11(Suppl.), S53 (2017).
Y. Gokce, B. Cengiz, N. Yildiz, A. Calimli and Z. Aktas, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 462, 75 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.08.028
R. Stoica, R. Șomoghi and R.M. Ion, Dig. J. Nanomater. Biostruct., 8, 955 (2013).
A.H. Mulyati, A. Sulaeman, S.A. Marliyati, M. Rafi and A.M. Fikri, AIP Conf. Proceed., 2243, 030014 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0005567
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A.R. Poli, D.G. Katja and H.F. Aritonang, Chem. Prog., 15, 25 (2022); https://doi.org/10.35799/cp.15.1.2022.43151
Y.-H. Chu, C.-L. Chang and H.-F. Hsu, J. Sci. Food Agric., 80, 561 (2000); https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(200004)80:5<561::AID-JSFA574>3.0.CO; 2-#
S. Maryam, R. Razak, M. Baits and A.F. Salim, Indones. J. Pharm. Sci. Technol., 1, 57 (2023); https://doi.org/10.24198/ijpst.v0i0.46082
R. Bagheri, P. Ariaii and A. Motamedzadegan, J. Food Meas. Charact., 15, 1395 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-020-00738-0
R. Sarjono, I. Ismiyarto, N. Ngadiwiyana, N.B.A. Prasetya, R. Ulfa, B. Ariestiani, A.B. Kusuma, N.E. Darmastuti and J.H.F. Rohman, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., 509, 012113 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/509/1/012113
S. Atun and S. Handayani, Pharmacogn. J., 9, 142 (2017); https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2017.2.24
S.R. Kanatt, R. Chander and A. Sharma, Food Chem., 107, 845 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.08.088
A. Guarnieri, M. Triunfo, C. Scieuzo, D. Ianniciello, E. Tafi, T. Hahn, S. Zibek, R. Salvia, A. De Bonis and P. Falabella, Sci. Rep., 12, 8084 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12150-3
