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Vol. 38 No. 10 (2026): Vol 38, Issue 10, 2026

Copyright (c) 2026 Nirmala Rajkumar, K. Kowsuki, Namitha Mariam John, R. Navamathavan

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Acacia catechu Bark Extract: Structural Characterization, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities and Cytotoxicity Against HT-29 Colorectal Cancer Cells

https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2026.36521
R. Nirmala
Department of Biotechnology, Hindustan College of Arts and Science (Affiliated to University of Madras), Padur, Chennai-603103, India
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7984-8247
K. Kowsuki
Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) Chennai, Vandalur-Kelambakkam Road, Chennai-600127, India
https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8491-670X
Namitha Mariam John
Department of Microbiology, Hindustan College of Arts and Science (Affiliated to University of Madras), Padur, Chennai-603103, India
R. Navamathavan
Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) Chennai, Vandalur-Kelambakkam Road, Chennai-600127, India
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9185-6837

Corresponding Author(s) : R. Nirmala

nirmalarajkumar2025@gmail.com

Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 38 No. 10 (2026): Vol 38, Issue 10, 2026

Abstract

Plant-mediated synthesis offers an alternative approach to conventional chemical methods for nanoparticle preparation. This study reports the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using aqueous Acacia catechu bark extract and evaluated their structural characteristics and biological activities. The synthesized material was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), and UV-visible spectroscopy. XRD peaks at approximately 2θ = 38º, 44º, 64º and 77º corresponded to the (111), (200), (220) and (311) planes of face-centred cubic silver. FT-IR spectra identified hydroxyl, carbonyl, aromatic and C–O-containing functional groups that may participate in silver ion reduction and nanoparticle stabilization. Electron microscopy revealed predominantly spherical nanoscale particles with some aggregation, while UV–visible spectroscopy exhibited a characteristic absorption band at 420-460 nm. Hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity increased with concentration, and the Ag NPs formulation exhibited higher activity than the bark extract and AgNO3, reaching approximately 73% inhibition at the highest tested concentration. Disc diffusion assays recorded antibacterial inhibition zones of 11-15 mm, with the largest zone against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cytotoxicity testing against HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells revealed concentration-dependent inhibition, with higher activity for the silver-containing formulation than the bark extract alone.

Keywords

Silver nanoparticles Green synthesis Antibacterial activity Acacia catechu (L.f)
(1)
Nirmala, R.; Kowsuki, K.; John, N. M.; Navamathavan, R. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Acacia Catechu Bark Extract: Structural Characterization, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities and Cytotoxicity Against HT-29 Colorectal Cancer Cells. ajc 2026, 38, 2668-2674.
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