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Vol. 37 No. 9 (2025): Vol 37 Issue 9, 2025

Copyright (c) 2025 SOONMIN HO, ezo, OLASANMI

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Photovoltaic Technology: Power Conversion Efficiency of Solar Cells: A Review

https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2025.34134
Soonmin Ho
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Putra Nilai,71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3697-5091
Ejikeme Ezo Igbokwe
Department of Physics with Electronics, Abia State Polytechnic, Aba, Nigeria
Oluwatoyin O. Olasanmi
Faculty of Physical Sciences, Department of Physics, University of Ilorin, P.O Box 1515, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8056-7872

Corresponding Author(s) : Soonmin Ho

soonmin.ho@newinti.edu.my

Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 37 No. 9 (2025): Vol 37 Issue 9, 2025

Abstract

In recent years, there are several types of solar cells that have been reported due to their continually improving power efficiency, straightforward solution production methods, portability, lightweight nature for wearability and cost-effective material components. In this work, we have concentrated on the latest advancements in solar cells related to their properties and uses. Furthermore, various layers, such as electron transport layers and hole transport layers were described. Subsequently, the constraints and cell efficiency were reported in specific solar cells. Finally, the photovoltaic parameters of the devices, band gaps and carrier mobility were reported as well. Dye sensitized solar cells made with natural dyes offer unique benefits in energy usage. The primary factors include its efficiency, eco-friendly dyes, remarkable device performance, sustainable energy generation, and adaptable solar product incorporation. Although dye sensitized solar cells that use natural dyes as sensitizers, offer numerous advantages, they experience lower efficiency in comparison to traditional silicon based solar cells. The choice of plant components significantly influences the devices’ overall efficiency. Consequently, a thorough investigation has been conducted to examine the plant’s components that have demonstrated improved outcomes regarding device efficiency. The efficiency of organic solar cells has significantly improved in the past decade, thanks to advancements in a range of high-performance organic electron-donor and electron-acceptor materials, such as polymers, small molecules and fullerenes, used in the photo-active layer. Effective molecular design approaches for various types of organic solar cells are studied and promising research pathways are emphasized. It was noted that the efficiency of perovskite solar cells has exceeded 25% owing to high-quality films achieved through low-temperature synthesis methods, alongside advancements in suitable interface and electrode materials. In the thin film based solar cells, the research findings confirmed that power conversion efficiency, fill factor, open circuit voltage and short circuit current density is strongly dependent on experimental conditions.

Keywords

Organic solar cells Semiconductor band gap Photovoltaic Energy efficiency Energy consumption
(1)
Ho, S.; Igbokwe, E. E.; Olasanmi, O. O. Photovoltaic Technology: Power Conversion Efficiency of Solar Cells: A Review . ajc 2025, 37, 2092-2114.
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