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Vol. 37 No. 9 (2025): Vol 37 Issue 9, 2025

Copyright (c) 2025 Nancy Garg, Varsha Mishra, Ritu Chauhan, Adesh K. Saini, Damandeep Kaur, Seema Ramniwas, Hardeep Singh Tuli, Reena V. Saini

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Green Chemistry-Driven Synthesis and Chemical Profiling of Bimetallic Nanoparticles for Anticancer Applications: A Review

https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2025.34010
Nancy Garg
Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala-133207, India
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0160-6763
Varsha Mishra
Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala-133207, India
https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9712-6213
Ritu Chauhan
Department of Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun 248002, India
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9056-6619
Adesh K. Saini
Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala-133207, India
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5445-5786
Damandeep Kaur
University Center for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Gharuan-140413, India
https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3075-2661
Seema Ramniwas
Marwadi University Research Centre, Faculty of Sciences, Marwadi University, Rajkot-360003, India
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4899-4687
Hardeep Singh Tuli
Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala-133207, India
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1155-0094
Reena V. Saini
Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala-133207, India
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9025-0702

Corresponding Author(s) : Reena V. Saini

reenavohra10@mmumullana.org

Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 37 No. 9 (2025): Vol 37 Issue 9, 2025

Abstract

Nanotechnology has revolutionized cancer treatment by enabling targeted drug delivery, early detection and personalized therapies. Cancer treatments now include surgery, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy and the emerging approach of nanotherapy. This new treatment regimen has fewer side effects than other available methods. Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles is playing a key role as a valuable alternative to chemical and physical routes, providing environmentally friendly products through eco-friendly, low-cost and biocompatible methods. Metal nanoparticles produced via green chemistry using biological sources reduce the risk of side effects and improve the metal’s effectiveness against cancer cells. Green nanoparticles have demonstrated significant potential in inducing cytotoxic effects against a range of cancer cell lines in scientific studies. Because of their synergistic properties, biosynthesized bimetallic nanoparticles incorporating two different metallic elements have emerged as an effective treatment for cancer, outperforming monometallic nanoparticles in terms of biomedical efficacy due to their synergistic properties. Due to the initiation of multiple molecular mechanisms, including apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy, these nanoparticles can penetrate cancer cells and induce their death. Three-dimensional cell culture models, such as spheroids, are used since they can effectively mimic the key characteristics of solid tumors found in humans, for example, their structural organization, cell layering structure, hypoxia and nutrient gradients. Current review highlights the recent advances of the bimetallic nanoparticles synthesized by green chemistry approach with special emphasis on the involvement of phytochemicals in their reduction, stabilization, functionalization processes and cancer killing potential, with a special mention of its efficacy on 3D tumor spheroids model. Similarities and differences with classic synthesis methods are emphasized, showing that the green routes are faster, less energy-consuming and result in less toxic byproducts, which are eco-friendly and bio-medically important. The mechanisms of nanoparticle formation are reviewed here for a better scientific understanding. It goes further by discussing the scalability and applicability of green synthesis with a focus on anticancer potential. In summary, the application of phyto-components for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles holds great promise for the treatment of cancer.

Keywords

Nanotechnology Cancer Bimetallic nanoparticles Biomedical Tumor spheroids
(1)
Garg, N.; Mishra, V.; Chauhan, R.; Saini, A. K.; Kaur, D.; Ramniwas, S.; Tuli, H. S.; Saini, R. V. Green Chemistry-Driven Synthesis and Chemical Profiling of Bimetallic Nanoparticles for Anticancer Applications: A Review. ajc 2025, 37, 2081-2091.
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