Issue

Vol. 37 No. 8 (2025): Vol 37 Issue 8, 2025

Copyright (c) 2025 Divya Mutharasu, Rajakumar Sundaram , Dr Ayyasamy PM

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Biodegradation of Azo Dyes in Synthetic Medium and Textile Effluent using a Potent Bacterium Bacillus sp. TDS50 and its Extracellular Metabolites

https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2025.34098
Divya Mutharasu
Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Salem-636011, India
Rajakumar Sundaram
Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620024, India
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5122-4491
Ayyasamy Pudukkadu Munusamy
Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Salem-636011, India
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5795-1083

Corresponding Author(s) : Ayyasamy Pudukkadu Munusamy

pmayyasamy@gmail.com

Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 37 No. 8 (2025): Vol 37 Issue 8, 2025

Abstract

Azo dyes in textile effluents, pose substantial environmental problems owing to their persistence, toxicity and potential to form harmful carcinogenic and mutagenic byproducts, like aromatic amines. This study aimed to evaluate the degradation of reactive red (RR) and reactive blue (RB) azo dyes by an indigenous bacterial strain (Bacillus sp. TDS50) isolated from textile industry effluent. The Bacillus sp. TDS50, showed the highest decolorization efficiency of 98.30% for RR and 98.02% for RB. The strain showed its significant decolorization of azo dyes using glucose as a carbon source, pH 7, temperature 35 ºC, dye concentration 100 mg/L and an inoculum size 1%. A laboratory scale bioreactor was used to decolourize the dyes under optimum conditions. An analytical study of the degraded product was performed using FTIR spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Another major focus of this investigation was decolourization in an aqueous medium using bacterially produced extracellular metabolites, viz. bioflocculants (BF) and biosurfactants (BS). The results of the bacterial treatment followed by phytotoxicity indicated the non-toxic nature of the treated effluent compared to untreated effluents.

Keywords

Bacillus sp. TDS50 Decolourization Azo dyes Bioreactor Bioflocculants Biosurfactants
(1)
Mutharasu, D.; Sundaram, R.; Munusamy, A. P. Biodegradation of Azo Dyes in Synthetic Medium and Textile Effluent Using a Potent Bacterium Bacillus Sp. TDS50 and Its Extracellular Metabolites. ajc 2025, 37, 2009-2021.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. X. Wang, F. Aulenta, S. Puig, A. Esteve-Núnez, Y. He, Y. Mu and K. Rabaey, Environ. Sci. Ecotechnol., 1, 100013 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ese.2020.100013
  2. S. Benkhaya, S. M’rabet and A. El Harfi, Heliyon, 6, e03271 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03271
  3. D. Prato-Garcia, F.J. Cervantes and G. Buitrón, J. Hazard. Mater., 250-251, 462 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.02.025
  4. R. Al-Tohamy, J. Sun, M.F. Fareed, E.R. Kenawy and S.S. Ali, Sci. Rep., 10, 12370 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69304-4
  5. B. Lellis, C.Z. Fávaro-Polonio, J.A. Pamphile and J.C. Polonio, Biotechnol. Res. Innov, 3, 275 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biori.2019.09.001
  6. A.C.R. Ngo and D. Tischler, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19, 4740 (2022); https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084740
  7. L.D. Ardila-Leal, R.A. Poutou-Piñales, A.M. Pedroza-Rodríguez and B.E. Quevedo-Hidalgo, Molecules, 26, 3813 (2021); https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133813
  8. E. Akceylan, M. Bahadir and M. Yýlmaz, J. Hazard. Mater., 162, 960 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.127
  9. X. Meng, G. Liu, J. Zhou and Q.S. Fu, Bioresour. Technol., 151, 63 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.131
  10. M. Solís, A. Solís, H.I. Pérez, N. Manjarrez and M. Flores, Process Biochem., 47, 1723 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2012.08.014
  11. P.H. Tsilo, A.K. Basson, Z.G. Ntombela, T.S. Maliehe and V.R. Pullabhotla, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19, 3148 (2022); https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063148
  12. G.P. Sheng, H.Q. Yu and X.Y. Li, Biotechnol. Adv., 28, 882 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.08.001
  13. J.C. Mata-Sandoval, J. Karns and A. Torrents, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 4923 (2000); https://doi.org/10.1021/es0011111
  14. S.Y. Chen, W.B. Lu, Y.H. Wei, W.M. Chen and J.S. Chang, Biotechnol. Prog., 23, 661 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1021/bp0700152
  15. I. Mnif and D. Ghribi, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 31, 1001 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-015-1866-6
  16. C. Nikolova and T. Gutierrez, Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 9, 626639 (2021); https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.626639
  17. S. Gaur, S. Gupta and A. Jain, Bioremediat. J., 25, 308 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1080/10889868.2020.1871316
  18. S. Bala Subramanian, S. Yan, R.D. Tyagi and R.Y. Surampalli, Water Res., 44, 2253 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.12.046
  19. S. Nor, A. Abdullah, A. Yuniarto, Z. Ibrahim, M.H.M. Nor and T. Hadibarata, Environ. Technol. Innov., 22, 101533 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101533
  20. S. Cosa, A.M. Ugbenyen, L.V. Mabinya, K. Rumbold and A.I. Okoh, Environ. Technol., 34, 2671 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2013.786104
  21. O. Li, C. Lu, A. Liu, L. Zhu, P.M. Wang, C.D. Qian, X.H. Jiang and X.C. Wu, Bioresour. Technol., 134, 87 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.02.013
  22. H.M. Ibrahim, Egyp. J. Pet., 27, 21 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.12.005
  23. O.S. Obayori, M.O. Ilori, S.A. Adebusoye, G.O. Oyetibo, A.E. Omotayo and O.O. Amund, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 25, 1615 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-009-0053-z
  24. R.D. Rufino, J.M. de Luna, G.M. de Campos Takaki and L.A. Sarubbo, Electron. J. Biotechnol., 17, 34 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2013.12.006
  25. MF. Chaplin, Carbohydrate analysis. (2006); https://doi.org/10.1002/3527600906.mcb.200300011
  26. O.H. Lowry, N.J. Rosebrough, A.L. Farr and R.J. Randall, J. Biol. Chem., 193, 265 (1951); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6
  27. R. Seenivasagan, P. Ayyasamy, R. Kasimani, A. Karthika, S. Rajakumar, O.O. Babalola, in eds.: M. Prashanthi, R. Sundaram, A. Jeyaseelan and T. Kaliannan, Nitrate Removal from Ground Water Through Lab Scale Bioreactor using Dissimilatory Nitrate Reducer Bacillus weihenstephanensis (DS45), In: Bioremediation and Sustainable Technologies for Cleaner Environment. Environmental Science and Engineering, Springer, Cham. pp 79–94 (2017).
  28. V.V. Dawkar, U.U. Jadhav, S.U. Jadhav and S.P. Govindwar, J. Appl. Microbiol., 105, 14 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03738.x
  29. D.H. Bergey, Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, Williams & Wilkins Co.: Baltimore, USA (2000).
  30. P.K. Chukowry, A. Mudhoo and S.J. Santchurn, Environ. Chem. Lett., 15, 531 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-017-0627-1
  31. N. Bhatt, K.C. Patel, H. Keharia and D. Madamwar, J. Basic Microbiol., 45, 407 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.200410504
  32. H.A. Modi, G. Rajput and C. Ambasana, Bioresour. Technol., 101, 6580 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.03.067
  33. X. Xiao, C.C. Xu, Y.M. Wu, P.J. Cai, W.W. Li, D.L. Du and H.Q. Yu, Bioresour. Technol., 110, 86 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.099
  34. R.G. Saratale, G.D. Saratale, J.S. Chang and S.P. Govindwar, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng., 42, 138 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2010.06.006
  35. C.I. Pearce, J.R. Lloyd, J.T. Guthrie, Dyes Pigm., 58, 179 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-7208(03)00064-0
  36. P.K. Wong and P.Y. Yuen, Water Res., 30, 1736 (1996); https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(96)00067-X
  37. A.V. Bunti’c, M.D. Pavlovi’c, D.G. Antonovi’c, S.S. Šiler-Marinkoviæ and S.I. Dimitrijeviæ-Brankoviæ, J. Clean. Prod., 148, 347 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.164
  38. R. Kishor, D. Purchase, G.D. Saratale, R.G. Saratale, L.F.R. Ferreira, M. Bilal, R. Chandra and R.N. Bharagava, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 9, 105012 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.105012
  39. P.G. Carrillo, C. Mardaraz, S.I. Pitta-Alvarez and A.M. Giulietti, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 12, 82 (1996); https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00327807
  40. S.S. Balan, C.G. Kumar and S. Jayalakshmi, Process Biochem., 51, 2198 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2016.09.009
  41. I.M.C. Morais, A.L. Cordeiro, G.S. Teixeira, V.S. Domingues, R.M.D. Nardi, A.S. Monteiro, R.J. Alves, E.P. Siqueira and V.L. Santos, Microb. Cell Fact., 16, 155 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-017-0769-7
  42. S. Deng, G. Yu and Y.P. Ting, Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 44, 179 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2005.06.011
  43. K. Okaiyeto, U.U. Nwodo, L.V. Mabinya, A.S. Okoli and A.I. Okoh, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 16, 12986 (2015); https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160612986
  44. Y.J. Yin, Z.M. Tian, W. Tang, L. Li, L.Y. Song and S.P. McElmurry, Bioresour. Technol., 171, 336 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.08.094
  45. V. Bisht and B. Lal, Front. Microbiol., 10, 1288 (2019); https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01288
  46. P. Parthipan, E. Preetham, L.L. Machuca, P.K. Rahman, K. Murugan and A. Rajasekar, Front. Microbiol., 8, 237675 (2017); https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00193
  47. V.V. Chandanshive, S.K. Kadam, R.V. Khandare, M.B. Kurade, B.H. Jeon, J.P. Jadhav and S.P. Govindwar, Chemosphere, 210, 968 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.064
  48. I. Haq, A. Raj and Markandeya, Chemosphere, 196, 58 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.153
  49. N. Garg, A. Garg and S. Mukherji, J. Environ. Manage., 263, 110383 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110383
  50. P. Kaur, J.P. Kushwaha and V.K. Sangal, J. Hazard. Mater., 346, 242 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.12.044
  51. M.B. Ceretta, Y. Vieira, E.A. Wolski, E.L. Foletto and S. Silvestri, J. Water Process Eng., 35, 101230 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101230
  52. P.S. Patil, U.U. Shedbalkar, D.C. Kalyani and J.P. Jadhav, J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 35, 1181 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-008-0398-6
Read More
Author biographies is not available.
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC
Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 177 Download : 92
PlumX