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Vol. 37 No. 8 (2025): Vol 37 Issue 8, 2025

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Rapid Green Synthesis of Ag-TiO2 Nanocomposites via Microwave Irradiation for Water Treatment: Dual Action on Dyes and Bacteria

https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2025.34030
D. Kanakaraju
Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3344-7549
D.N. Joseph
Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2210-2598
Y.C. Lim
School of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7536-9599
M. Vincent
Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2485-7434

Corresponding Author(s) : D. Kanakaraju

kdevagi@unimas.my

Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 37 No. 8 (2025): Vol 37 Issue 8, 2025

Abstract

The widespread use of hazardous chemicals in traditional methods for synthesizing silver-doped titanium dioxide (Ag-TiO2) nanocomposites poses significant environmental and health concerns, contradicting the goal of sustainable photocatalytic water purification. This study aims to develop a microwave-assisted green synthesis method using plant waste-based material, Allium cepa (onion) peel extract, a readily available material, to deposit silver onto TiO2 with the goal enhancing its photocatalytic and antibacterial properties. The prepared Ag-TiO2 nanocomposite was applied to remove single and mixed dyes. Characterization techniques confirmed the formation of stable Ag-TiO2 nanocomposite with an average size of 7.36 ± 2.01 nm evenly deposited onto TiO2, resulting in improved responsiveness in the visible light region. UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and photoluminescence analysis indicated a reduction in the band gap for Ag-TiO2 nanocomposite. The green-synthesized Ag-TiO2 nanocomposite exhibits exceptional photocatalytic efficiency in degrading both cationic dyes and anionic Congo red and methylene blue dyes with a degradation rate of 99.4% and 99.6% individually under UV irradiation. In a mixed dye solution, the degradation of rhodamine B and methyl orange dyes was significantly accelerated due to the selective interaction of the Ag-TiO2 nanocomposite with anionic dyes. The green synthesized Ag-TiO2 nanocomposite also showed effective antibacterial properties against Gram-positive bacteria, E. coli and Gram-negative bacteria, S. aureus. This study stresses the capability of green synthesis to generate environmentally benign and high-performing photocatalysts for water treatment applications, effectively degrading contaminants and eradicating undesirable waterborne pathogens.

Keywords

Photocatalysis Green route Doping Water treatment Emerging pollutants
(1)
Kanakaraju, D.; Joseph, D.; Lim, Y.; Vincent, M. Rapid Green Synthesis of Ag-TiO2 Nanocomposites via Microwave Irradiation for Water Treatment: Dual Action on Dyes and Bacteria. ajc 2025, 37, 1913-1926.
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