Copyright (c) 2025 Maniklal Ghosh, Dr., Dr. , Dr. , Dr.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Soil Microbial Community Structure and Dynamic Enzyme Activity in the Degraded Soils of Paradeep Industrial Area
Corresponding Author(s) : Maniklal Ghosh
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 37 No. 6 (2025): Vol 37 Issue 6, 2025
Abstract
The surrounding land and waters are polluted by the industrial effluents of Paradeep. In this work, soil samples from seven locations around the Paradeep industrial area were investigated. The results found the overall average values of Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni and Pb were 149.24, 4.38, 4.69, 20.97, 2.98 and 7.41 mg/kg, which was lower than WHO guidelines except Mn (79.31 mg/kg). The soils under examination exhibit a pH range of 4.23-7.00, indicating the acidity to neutrality. The organic carbon content ranges from extremely low to high (0.17-1.76%). These soils have low to medium N, P and K values. High levels of hazardous Fe, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn occur in the soils. Near Paradeep Phosphate Limited ash pond, the soil contains the highest amount of Cu (9.4 mg/kg). Heavy metals and low pH decreased the biological activities of several enzymes such as dehydrogenase, fluorescein diacetate and alkaline phosphatase, as shown by corelation studies (negative association). Industrialization has significantly contaminated the soil of the study region, requiring immediate restoration.
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- H.K. Bayabil, F.T. Teshome and Y.C. Li, Front. Environ. Sci., 10, 873499 (2022); https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.873499
- S. McGrath, F. Zhao and E. Lombi, Plant Soil, 232, 207 (2001); https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010358708525
- C. Gisbert, R. Ros, A. De Haro, D.J. Walker, M. Pilar Bernal, R. Serrano and J. Navarro-Aviñó, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 303, 440 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00349-8
- V. Kumar, S. Pandita, A. Sharma, P. Bakshi, P. Sharma, I. Karaouzas, R. Bhardwaj, A.K. Thukral and A. Cerda, Geol. Ecol. Landsc., 5, 173 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1080/24749508.2019.1701310
- S. Al-Khyat, D.M. Naji, H.T. Hamad and H. Onyeaka, J. Eng. Sustain. Dev., 27, 292 (2023); https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.27.3.1
- J.D. Phillipsa, A.V. Turkingtona and D.A. Marion, Catena, 72, 21 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2007.03.020
- G. Kafle, J. Agric. Natural Resour., 6, 20 (2023); https://doi.org/10.3126/janr.v6i1.71850 6(1):20-31
- G.M. Dias and G.C. Edwards, Human Ecol. Risk Assess., 9, 699 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1080/713610005
- Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Comprehensive Environmental Assessment of Industrial Clusters, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India, New Delhi (2010).
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Handbook of Soil Testing Methods. Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal, India (2011).
- Department of Agriculture & Farmers’ Empowerment, Government of Odisha, Soil Health Card Scheme - Soil Sampling and Testing Protocol, State Soil Testing Laboratory, Odisha, India (2019).
- M.L. Jackson, Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, edn 2 (1973).
- R.J. Kremer and J. Li, Soil Tillage Res., 72, 193 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(03)00088-6
- F. Eivazi and M.A. Tabatabai, Soil Biol. Biochem., 9, 167 (1977); https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(77)90070-0
- E.D. Weinberg, Biol. Met., 2, 191 (1990); https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01141358
- G. Haferburg and E. Kothe, J. Basic Microbiol., 47, 453 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.200700275
- M.R. Bruins, S. Kapil and F.W. Oehme, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 45, 198 (2000); https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1999.1860
- G. Tyler, Plant Soil, 41, 303 (1974); https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00017258
- L. Zelles, I. Scheunert and K. Kreutzer, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 4, 137 (1987); https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00256987
- W.T. Frankenberger Jr. and W.A. Dick, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 47, 945 (1983); https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1983.03615995004700050021x
References
H.K. Bayabil, F.T. Teshome and Y.C. Li, Front. Environ. Sci., 10, 873499 (2022); https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.873499
S. McGrath, F. Zhao and E. Lombi, Plant Soil, 232, 207 (2001); https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010358708525
C. Gisbert, R. Ros, A. De Haro, D.J. Walker, M. Pilar Bernal, R. Serrano and J. Navarro-Aviñó, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 303, 440 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00349-8
V. Kumar, S. Pandita, A. Sharma, P. Bakshi, P. Sharma, I. Karaouzas, R. Bhardwaj, A.K. Thukral and A. Cerda, Geol. Ecol. Landsc., 5, 173 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1080/24749508.2019.1701310
S. Al-Khyat, D.M. Naji, H.T. Hamad and H. Onyeaka, J. Eng. Sustain. Dev., 27, 292 (2023); https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.27.3.1
J.D. Phillipsa, A.V. Turkingtona and D.A. Marion, Catena, 72, 21 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2007.03.020
G. Kafle, J. Agric. Natural Resour., 6, 20 (2023); https://doi.org/10.3126/janr.v6i1.71850 6(1):20-31
G.M. Dias and G.C. Edwards, Human Ecol. Risk Assess., 9, 699 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1080/713610005
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Comprehensive Environmental Assessment of Industrial Clusters, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India, New Delhi (2010).
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Handbook of Soil Testing Methods. Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal, India (2011).
Department of Agriculture & Farmers’ Empowerment, Government of Odisha, Soil Health Card Scheme - Soil Sampling and Testing Protocol, State Soil Testing Laboratory, Odisha, India (2019).
M.L. Jackson, Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, edn 2 (1973).
R.J. Kremer and J. Li, Soil Tillage Res., 72, 193 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(03)00088-6
F. Eivazi and M.A. Tabatabai, Soil Biol. Biochem., 9, 167 (1977); https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(77)90070-0
E.D. Weinberg, Biol. Met., 2, 191 (1990); https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01141358
G. Haferburg and E. Kothe, J. Basic Microbiol., 47, 453 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.200700275
M.R. Bruins, S. Kapil and F.W. Oehme, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 45, 198 (2000); https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1999.1860
G. Tyler, Plant Soil, 41, 303 (1974); https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00017258
L. Zelles, I. Scheunert and K. Kreutzer, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 4, 137 (1987); https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00256987
W.T. Frankenberger Jr. and W.A. Dick, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 47, 945 (1983); https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1983.03615995004700050021x
