Issue

Vol. 37 No. 11 (2025): Vol 37 Issue 11, 2025

Copyright (c) 2025 Ms, Prof, Dr

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Synthesis of Zirconium-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles using Grewia optiva for Environmental Sensing of Heavy Metal Ions

https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2025.34513
Shivani Rauthan
School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun-248007, India
https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3636-6906
Ajay Singh
School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun-248007, India
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4918-3891
Ritu Painuli
School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun-248007, India
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0423-896X

Corresponding Author(s) : Shivani Rauthan

rauthanshivani05@gmail.com

Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 37 No. 11 (2025): Vol 37 Issue 11, 2025

Abstract

The purpose of this work was to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) using leaf extract of Grewia optiva. The prepared nanoparticles were further doped with zirconium. The UV-vis analysis of green synthesized ZnONPs showed peaks at a wavelength of 239 nm, whereas after doping by Zr4+, a peak was observed at 230 nm, demonstrating a hypsochromic shift, which confirms doping of Zr4+ onto ZnONPs. A comparison was done between ZnONPs and Zr-doped ZnONPs at different concentrations of toxic metals and the results showed that Zr-doped ZnONPs showed better selectivity towards Pb2+ ions. When examined using a Saryu River water sample, the Zr-doped ZnO nanoparticles demonstrated significant sensitivity to Pb2+ ions, emphasizing their suitability as light-responsive catalyst for sensing heavy metal ions.

Keywords

Green synthesis Grewia optiva Zinc oxide Nanoparticles Zirconium Doping
(1)
Rauthan, S.; Singh, A.; Painuli, R. Synthesis of Zirconium-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles Using Grewia Optiva for Environmental Sensing of Heavy Metal Ions. ajc 2025, 37, 2679-2688.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. Z.L. Wang, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 16, R829 (2004); https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/16/25/R01
  2. H. Mirzaei and M. Darroudi, Ceram. Int., 43, 907 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.10.051
  3. F.T. Thema, E. Manikandan, M.S. Dhlamini and M.J.M.L. Maaza, Mater. Lett., 161, 124 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.08.052
  4. N. Singh, S.P. Singh, V. Gupta, H.K. Yadav, T. Ahuja, S.S. Tripathy and Rashmi, Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy, 32, 1023 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.11698
  5. M.I. Hussain, N.A. Rahman, H. Dutta, D. Dutta and R.R. Dutta, Next Sustainability, 5, 100129 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxsust.2025.100129
  6. Bharti, J.S. Jangwan, G. Kumar, V. Kumar and A. Kumar, SN Appl. Sci., 3, 311 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04294-0
  7. J. Jiang, J. Pi and J. Cai, Bioinorg. Chem. Appl., 1, 1062562 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1062562
  8. S. Raut, D.P. Thorat and R. Thakre, Int. J. Sci. Res., 4, 1225 (2015).
  9. K. Qi, X. Xing, A. Zada, M. Li, Q. Wang, S.-Y. Liu, H. Lin and G. Wang, Ceramics Int., 46, 1494 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.09.116
  10. S.J. Pearton, D.P. Norton, K. Ip, Y.W. Heo and T. Steiner, Superlattices Microstruct., 34, 3 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-6036(03)00093-4
  11. E.I. Naik, H.S.B. Naik, R. Viswanath, B.R. Kirthan and M.C. Prabhakara, Chemical Data Coll., 29, 100505 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdc.2020.100505
  12. K. Nagaraj, R. Kaliyaperumal, V.K. Poovan, M.K. Al-Sadoon, T. Kasilingam and K. Tharini, J. Indian Chem. Soc., 101, 101386 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2024.101386
  13. A. R. Khan, M. Ramzan, M. Imran, M. Zubair, S. Shahab, S.J. Ahmed, F. Ferreira and M.F. Iqbal, Coatings, 13, 34 (2022); https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010034
  14. V. Gokulakrishnan, S. Parthiban, K. Jeganathan and K. Ramamurthi, Appl. Surf. Sci., 257, 9068 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.05.102
  15. M. Sathya, G. Selvan, K. Kasirajan, S. Usha, P. Baskaran and M. Karunakaran, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron., 33, 443 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-07318-y
  16. G. Algün and N. Akçay, Phys. Scr., 100, 085902 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/adeedd
  17. N. Ullah, M. Mansha, I. Khan and A. Qurashi, Trends Analyt. Chem., 100, 155 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.01.002
  18. R. Verma, S. Pathak, A.K. Srivastava, S. Prawer and S. Tomljenovic-Hanic, J. Alloys Compd., 876, 160175 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.160175
  19. M. Iftikhar, M. Zahoor, S. Naz, N. Nazir, G.E.S. Batiha, R. Ullah, A. Bari, M. Hanif and H.M. Mahmood, J. Nanomater., 2020, 8949674 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8949674
  20. G. Uddin, W. Ullah, B.S. Siddiqui and S.Q. Shah, Nat. Prod. Res., 27, 215 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2012.666749
  21. S.M. Salman, M. Wahab, M. Zahoor, D. Shahwar, S. Sultana, M. Alamzeb and S. Ahmed, Desalination Water Treat., 195, 413 (2020); https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.25904
  22. S. Arora, J. Pharm. Res., 4, 9 (2011).
  23. A. Ahmed, A. Singh, B. Padha, A.K. Sundramoorthy, A. Tomar and S. Arya, Chemosphere, 303, 135208 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135208
  24. S.W. Balogun, O.O. James, Y.K. Sanusi and O.H. Olayinka, SN Appl. Sci., 2, 504 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2127-3
  25. A. Gupta, P. Srivastava, L. Bahadur, D.P. Amalnerkar and R. Chauhan, Appl. Nanosci., 5, 787 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-014-0379-1
  26. S. Gouthamsri, M. Ramanaiah, K. Basavaiah and K.J. Rao, Results Chem., 6, 101080 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2023.101080
  27. J.A. Ibrahim, S. Rajasekar and M. Varsha, Glob. NEST J., 23, 526 (2021).
  28. S.W. Jin, G.H. Lee, J.Y. Kim, C.Y. Kim, Y.M. Choo, W. Cho, J.H. Choi, E.H. Han, Y.P. Hwang and H.G. Jeong, Appl. Sci., 12, 17 (2021); https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010017
  29. O.M. El-Borady and A.F. El-Sayed, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 9, 1905 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.12.02
  30. I. Khan, S. Khan, R. Nongjai, H. Ahmed and W. Khan, Opt. Mater., 35, 1189 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2013.01.019
  31. S.C. Liufu, H.N. Xiao and Y.P. Li, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 87, 103 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.07.011
  32. S. Bashir, M. Awan, M.A. Farrukh, R. Naidu, S.A. Khan, N. Rafique, S. Ali, I. Hayat, I. Hussain and M.Z. Khan, Int. J. Nanomedicine, 17, 4073 (2022); https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S372343
  33. S. Alamdari, M. Sasani Ghamsari, C. Lee, W. Han, H.H. Park, M.J. Tafreshi, H. Afarideh and M.H.M. Ara, Appl. Sci., 10, 3620 (2020); https://doi.org/10.3390/app10103620
  34. B. Abderrahim, E. Abderrahman, A. Mohamed, T. Fatima, T. Abdesselam and O. Krim, World J. Environ. Eng., 3, 4 (2015); https://doi.org/10.12691/wjee-3-4-1
  35. R. Ali, Z. Aslam, R.A. Shawabkeh, A. Asghar and I.A. Hussein, Turk. J. Chem., 44, 279 (2020); https://doi.org/10.3906/kim-1909-20
  36. D.S. Raju, S.H. Bindu, J.S. Krishna, V.V. Krishna and C.L. Raju, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 1913, 012011 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1913/1/012011
  37. M. Ashokkumar and S. Muthukumaran, Opt. Mater., 37, 671 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2014.08.012
  38. A. Azam, F. Ahmed, N. Arshi, M. Chaman and A.H. Naqvi, J. Alloys Compd., 496, 399 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.02.028
  39. S.B. Patel, N. Baker, I. Marques, A. Hamlekhan, M.T. Mathew, C. Takoudis, C. Friedrich, C. Sukotjo and T. Shokuhfar, RSC Adv., 7, 30397 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA03940A
  40. G.K. Sidhu, A.K. Kaushik, S. Rana, S. Bhansali and R. Kumar, Appl. Surf. Sci., 334, 216 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.10.036
  41. E.I. Naik, H.B. Naik, R. Viswanath, B.R. Kirthan and M.C. Prabhakara, Chemical Data Coll., 29, 100505 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdc.2020.100505
  42. G. Murtaza, R. Ahmad, M.S. Rashid, M. Hassan, A. Hussnain, M.A. Khan, M. Ehsan ul Haq, M.A. Shafique and S. Riaz, Curr. Appl. Phys., 14, 176 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2013.11.002
  43. H.R. Mardani, M. Forouzani, M. Ziari and P. Biparva, Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc., 141, 27 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2015.01.034
  44. H.S. Abbas, A. Krishnan and M. Kotakonda, Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 8, 595161 (2020); https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.595161
  45. T. Arfin and A. Tarannum, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 7, 102811 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.102811
  46. H. Akhtar, F.H. Alhamoudi, J. Marshall, T. Ashton, J.A. Darr, I.U. Rehman, A.A. Chaudhry and G. Reilly, Heliyon, 10, e20150 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29150
  47. E.J.S. Christy, A. Amalraj, A. Rajeswari and A. Pius, Environ. Chem. Ecotoxicol., 3, 31 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enceco.2020.10.005
  48. V. Mariyappillai, C. Shiyamala, T. Abisheik, M. Tiffany, V. Pandiyan, A. Senthilraja, M. Afzal, P. Barmavatu, K. Shanmugaraj and K. Balu, Ceram. Int., 51, 23003 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.02.402
  49. M.E. Mahmoud, G.M. Nabil and S.M. Mahmoud, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 3, 1320 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2014.11.027
  50. Y. Luo and F.J. Millero, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 71, 326 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.09.019
Read More
Author biographies is not available.
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC
Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 140 Download : 111
PlumX