Copyright (c) 2024 Fahid Rabah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Purification of Treated Wastewater Effluents from Residual Detergents using Activated Carbon Produced from Olive Seeds
Corresponding Author(s) : Fahid K.J. Rabah
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 36 No. 2 (2024): Vol 36 Issue 2, 2024
Abstract
This study reports the preparation and characterization of activated carbon derived from pulverized olive seeds, as well as its application in the elimination of detergents from wastewater effluents. The activated carbon was produced by carbonization followed by activation. The main characteristics of the prepared activated carbon viz. surface area, ash content, char yield and bulk density were determined. Batch studies were conducted to determine the primary factors influencing the removal efficiency of detergents. The factors considered were the contact time of adsorption, amount of adsorbent used, pH and the concentration of detergent. The characteristics of the produced activated carbon were surface area 546.0 ± 5.6 m2/g, ash content 1.30 ± 0.24%, char yield 23.85 ± 0.63% and bulk density 444.60 ± 3.25 kg/m3. The activated carbon effectively decreased the content of detergents to below 5 mg/L, which is the permissible limit for reusing in irrigation and recharging groundwater. This study indicates that the activated carbon derived from crushed olive seeds is effective in purifying treated wastewater effluents containing residual detergents.
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References
Coastal Municipalities Water Utility, Annual Report on Water Status in the Gaza Strip, Gaza, Palestine (2022).
Palestinian Water Authority, Standards for Wastewater Effluent Reuse, PS/2003-742, Palestine (2003).
A.K. Mungray and P. Kumar, Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad., 63, 981 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2009.03.012
F. Ashour, Master Thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza, Palestine (2001).
A.K. Asok, P.A. Fathima and M.S. Jisha, Adv. Chem. Eng. Sci., 5, 465 (2015); https://doi.org/10.4236/aces.2015.54048
A.A. El-Shanawany, A.A. El-Ghamery, H.H. El-Sheikh and A.A. Bashandy, Assiut Univ. Bull. Environ. Res., 7, 137 (2004); https://doi.org/10.21608/AUBER.2004.150620
H. Heidari, M. Yosefi, S. Sasani and I. Nosratti, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 26, 6328 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3966-y
A.G.L. Moura, V.B. Centurion, D.Y. Okada, F. Motteran, T.P. Delforno, V.M. Oliveira and M.B.A. Varesche, J. Environ. Manag., 251, 109495 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109495
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Z. Cetinkaya Atesci and H. Inan, Water Sci. Technol., 88, 1578 (2023); https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2023.281
M. Gayathiri, T. Pulingam, K. Lee and K. Sudesh, Chemosphere, 294, 133764 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133764
S. Gueu, B. Yao, K. Adouby and G. Ado, J. Appl. Sci. (Thailand), 6, 2789 (2006); https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2006.2789.2793
M. Husseien, A. Amer, A. El Mughraby and N. Taha, J. Appl. Sci. Res., 3, 1352 (2007).
G. Cruz, M. Pirla, M. Huuhtanen, L. Carrion, E. Alvarenga and R.L. Keiski, J. Civil Environ. Eng., 2 109 (2012); https://doi.org/10.4172/2165-784X.1000109
K. Foo and B. Hameed, Chem. Eng. J., 170, 338 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.02.068
I. Aljundi and N. Jarrah, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 81, 33 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2007.07.006
R. Baccar, J. Bouzid, M. Feki and A. Montiel, J. Hazard. Mater., 162, 1522 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.041
A. Yeddou, B. Nadjemi, F. Halet, A. Ould-Dris and R. Capart, Miner. Eng., 23, 32 (200910); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2009.09.009
M.A. Yahya, Z. Al-Qodah, C.W.Z.C.W. Ngah and M.A. Hashim, Asian J. Chem., 27, 2331 (2015); https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2015.18804
Y.X. Gan, C J. Carbon Res., 7, 39 (2021); https://doi.org/10.3390/c7020039
H. Demiral, I. Demiral, B. Karabacakoglu and F. Tümsek, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 89, 206 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2010.05.005
S.K. Shahcheragh, M.M. Bagheri Mohagheghi and A. Shirpay, SN Appl. Sci., 5, 313 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05559-6
C. Moreno-Castilla, F. Carrasco-Marin, M. Lopez-Ramon and M. Alvarez-Merino, Carbon, 39, 1415 (2001); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(00)00268-2
H. Deng, H. Li, G. Yang, J. Tang and J. Tang, Chem. Eng. J., 163, 373 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.08.019
A. El-Hamouz, H. Hilal, N. Nassar and Z. Mardawi, J. Environ. Manage., 84, 83 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.05.003
APHA, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste-water, American Public Health Association: Washington, DC, USA, Edn. 23 (2017).
M. Martinez, M. Torres, C. Guzm’an and D. Maestri, Ind. Crops Prod., 23, 23 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2005.03.001
A. El-Sheikh, A. Newman, H. Al-Daffaee, S. Phull and N. Cresswell, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 71, 151 (2004); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2370(03)00061-5
A. Zulkania, G.F. Hanum and A. Sri Rezki, Proc. MATEC Web Conf., 154, 01029 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815401029
R. Malik, D. Ramteke and S. Wate, Indian J. Chem. Technol., 13, 319 (2006).
W.J. Weber Jr., Pure Appl. Chem., 37, 375 (1974); https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197437030375