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Vol. 36 No. 2 (2024): Vol 36 Issue 2, 2024

Copyright (c) 2024 S.GAYATHRI, S.BAKKIALAKSHMI

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Effect of Azo Dye Red 2G on Human Gamma Globulin using Multi-Spectroscopic and Docking Studies

https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2024.30963
S. Gayathri
Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608002, India
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5667-2930
S. Bakkialakshmi
Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608002, India
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3498-5384

Corresponding Author(s) : S. Bakkialakshmi

bakkialakshmis@rocketmail.com

Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 36 No. 2 (2024): Vol 36 Issue 2, 2024

Abstract

The study explored the binding interaction between human gamma globulin (HGG) and the synthetic azo dye red 2G (R2G) using spectroscopic techniques and molecular docking studies. The binding effects were identified through UV-visible, fluorescence and FT-IR spectroscopies. The quenching mechanism was found to be static, resulting in the formation of a stable bioconjugate, as determined by Stern-Volmer analysis. The binding distance between R2G and the tryptophan residue of HGG was studied using the Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) theory. The study also found significant modification in the amide FTIR frequencies correlating to variation in the secondary α-helical structures of HGG at the HGG-R2G complex interface. The binding affinity scores of the protein HGG with the dye were determined using molecular docking. Biophysical techniques, such as turbidity measurements and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), were used to understand the mechanism of R2G-induced amyloid aggregation in HGG at pH 2. Additionally, the study investigated the potential cytotoxic effects of red 2G on human THP-1 monocytes via an MTT assay. The effects of food colorants on biological macromolecules were studied and it was found that a higher concentration of red 2G has toxic potential to human THP-1 monocytes.

Keywords

Azo dye Human gamma globulin Fluorescence Docking studies Turbidity Cytotoxicity
Gayathri, S., & Bakkialakshmi, S. (2024). Effect of Azo Dye Red 2G on Human Gamma Globulin using Multi-Spectroscopic and Docking Studies. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 36(2), 393–403. https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2024.30963
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