Copyright (c) 2024 Ghulam Murtaza Arain, Sumaira, Nazia , Javed
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Hydrochemistry using Water Quality Index in District Mirpur Khas, Sindh, Pakistan
Corresponding Author(s) : Ghulam Murtaza Arain
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 36 No. 10 (2024): Vol 36 Issue 10, 2024
Abstract
Groundwater is a major source of drinking water in the rural areas of Sindh province, including District Mirpur Khas of Pakistan. This study was undertaken to evaluate the suitability of groundwater in Mirpur Khas for drinking purposes. In October and November 2018, the groundwater samples were collected from 50 bore wells and analyzed 17 physico-chemical parameters. The pH ranged from 7.8 to 8.8, indicating the slightly alkaline nature of the water. The mean abundance of major cations is Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ and for major anions, it is SO42– > Cl– > HCO3– > NO3– > F–. The hydrochemical facies of groundwater samples show that 29 have a mixed composition, Na+-K+-Cl– characterized by 17 and the remaining 4 fall into the Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO3– category. The water quality index (WQI) was calculated based on WHO standards for drinking water using 16 physico-chemical parameters. The computed WQI values range from 20.4 to 503.1. Out of the 50 samples, 9 are classified as ‘excellent,’ 21 as ‘good,’ 13 as ‘poor,’ 4 as ‘very poor,’ and 3 as ‘unsuitable for drinking.’ The average WQI value is 118.7 for 50 samples, which falls under the ‘good’ category. Turbidity and EC exhibited the highest mean effective weight values, indicating their significant influence on the WQI values.
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- A.M. Piper, A Graphic Procedure in the Geochemical Interpretation of Water Analysis; USGS: Washington, DC, USA (1953).
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References
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A.S. Qureshi, Water, 12, 3017 (2020); https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113017
A. Abbasnia, N. Yousefi, A.H. Mahvi, R. Nabizadeh, M. Radfard, M. Yousefi and M. Alimohammadi, Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess., 25, 988 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1458596
O.T. Dede, I.T. Telci and M.M. Aral, Water Qual. Expo. Health, 5, 41 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-013-0085-3
R.K. Horton, J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 37, 300 (1965).
A.M. Brown, N.I. McClelland, R.A. Deininger and R.G. Tozer, Water Sew. Works, 117, 339 (1970).
P. Li, Environ. Earth Sci., 71, 4625 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3141-9
M.G. Uddin, S. Nash and A.I. Olbert, Ecol. Indicators, 122, 107218 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107218
A.D. Sutadian, N. Muttil, A.G. Yilmaz and B.J.C. Perera, Environ. Monit. Assess., 188, 58 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-5050-0
A.J. Kandhro, A.M. Rind, A.Z. Mastoi, K.F. Almani, S. Meghwar, M.A. Laghari and M.S. Rajpout, Am. J. Environ. Prot., 4, 62 (2015).
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H. Naz, S. Bano 2, K.A. Memon and A.G. Sahito, Int. J. Econom. Environ. Geology, 12, 38 (2022); https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.Vol12.Iss4.2021.641
G. Murtaza Arain, N. Sattar, S. Khatoon and J. Mustaquim, Int. J. Econ. Environm. Geol., 14, 9 (2024); https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v14i3.164
Z. Javed, S. Chand and R. Amer, Desalin. Water Treat., 198, 61 (2020); https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.26087
M.K. Daud, M. Nafees, S. Ali, M. Rizwan, R.A. Bajwa, M.B. Shakoor, M.U. Arshad, S.A.S. Chatha, F. Deeba, W. Murad, I. Malook and S.J. Zhu, Biomed. Res. Int., 2017, 7908183 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7908183
APHA 1998, Standard Method for Examination of Water and Waste Water, Washington, DC, USA, edn. 20 (1998).
P.A. Domenico and F.W. Schwartz, Physical and Chemical Hydrogeology, John Wiley & Sons: New York (1990).
S. Sener, E. Sener and A. Davraz, Sci. Total Environ., 585, 13 (2017).
M.N. Ibrahim, J. Ecol. Eng., 20, 101 (2019); https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/99740
B.N. Merani, S.A. Sheikh, S.M. Nizamani, A.A. Panhwar and M.J. Channa, J. Pharm. Nutr. Sci., 4, 81 (2014); https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-5951.2014.04.02.2
A. Shahab, S. Qi and M. Zaheer, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 26, 30642 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2320-8
R.A. Freeze and J.A. Cherry, Groundwater, Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA (1979).
G.N. Sawyer and D.L. McCarty, Chemistry of Sanitary Engineers, edn. 2, McGrawHill, New York (1967).
J.D. Hem, Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water Supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, edn. 3 (1989).
T. Akter, F.T. Jhohura, F. Akter, T.R. Chowdhury, S.K. Mistry, D. Dey, M.K. Barua, M.A. Islam and M. Rahman, J. Health Popul. Nutr., 35, 4 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-016-0041-5
S.V. Sarath Prasanth, N.S. Magesh, K.V. Jitheshlal, N. Chandrasekar and K. Gangadhar, Appl. Water Sci., 2, 165 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-012-0042-5
M.O. Dinka, W. Loiskandl and J.M. Ndambuki, J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud., 3, 444 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2015.02.007
M.K. Sharma and M. Kumar, Environ. Monit. Assess., 192, 74 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-8051-6
E. Elisante and A.N.N. Muzuka, Appl. Water Sci., 7, 71 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0269-z
D. Gastmans, H.K. Chang and I. Hutcheon, Appl. Geochem., 25, 16 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.09.024
M.S. Khashogji and M.M.S. El Maghraby, Arab. J. Geosci., 6, 3929 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-012-0649-8
WHO, Iron in Drinking Water, WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality (2003).
G.C. Ghosh, M.J.H. Khan, T.K. Chakraborty, S. Zaman, A.H.M.E. Kabir and H. Tanaka, Sci. Rep., 10, 5206 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62187-5
K.D. Brahman, T.G. Kazi, N.I. Afridi, S. Naseem, S.S. Arain and N. Ullah, Water Res., 47, 1005 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.10.042
M. Arain, T. Kazi, N. Jamali, N. Jalbani, H. Afridi and A. Shah, Chemosphere, 70, 1845 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.005
M. Kumar, A. Ramanathan, M.S. Rao and B. Kumar, Environ. Geol. (Berl.), 50, 1025 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0275-4
S. Zereg, A. Boudoukha and L. Benaabidate, Sustain. Environ. Res., 28, 340 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.serj.2018.05.003
S. Saha, A.H.M.S. Reza and M.K. Roy, Appl. Water Sci., 9, 198 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1085-7
G. Udayalaxmi, D. Himabindu and R. Ramadass, Indian J. Sci. Technol., 3, 546 (2010); https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2010/v3i5.5
F. Ehya and A. Mosleh, Environ. Earth Sci., 77, 164 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7369-7
A.M. Piper, A Graphic Procedure in the Geochemical Interpretation of Water Analysis; USGS: Washington, DC, USA (1953).
F. Ehya and Z. Marbouti, Environ. Earth Sci., 75, 455 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5320-3
T.T. Putranto, B.R. Putra and J. Marin, IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., 246, 012001 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/246/1/012001
A.K. Singh and S.R. Kumar, Ecol. Environ. Conserv., 21, 97 (2015).
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