Issue

Vol. 38 No. 10 (2026): Vol 38, Issue 10, 2026

Copyright (c) 2026 ANJU C, S. Sudha Kumari

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Phytochemical-Assisted Synthesis of GM-MgO NPs from Garcinia mangostana L. Leaf Derived Dye: Structural Insights and Biological Applications

https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2026.36719
C. Anju
Department of Chemistry, S.T. Hindu College (Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli), Nagercoil-629002, India
https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0371-634X
S. Sudha Kumari
Department of Chemistry, S.T. Hindu College (Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli), Nagercoil-629002, India
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5018-777X

Corresponding Author(s) : C. Anju

anjuc1747@gmail.com

Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 38 No. 10 (2026): Vol 38, Issue 10, 2026

Abstract

This study reports an eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of Garcinia mangostana L. leaf dye-derived magnesium oxide nanoparticles (GM-MgO NPs) using a natural dye extracted from G. mangostana L. leaves. The synthesized GM-MgO NPs were characterized using SEM, EDX, XRD, UV-Vis and FTIR to evaluate their morphology and structural properties. Microscopic analysis revealed the rod-like nanostructures, while elemental and diffraction studies confirmed the formation of crystalline and phase-pure MgO nanorods with an average crystallite size of 52.2 nm. FTIR analysis indicated that the phytochemical constituents present in the G. mangostana leaf dye extract played a key role in the GM-MgO NPs formation by acting as reducing and stabilizing agents. The biological potential of the synthesized GM-MgO NPs was assessed. The GM-MgO NPs exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity, moderate antioxidant capacity and measurable cytotoxicity effects, with IC50 values of 56.44 µg/mL, 287.34 µg/mL and 99.06 µg/mL, respectively. The GM-MgO NPs showed stronger antifungal activity against C. albicans than antibacterial activity against E. coli, likely due to their nanoscale properties and surface-bound phytochemicals.

Keywords

Green synthesis Garcinia mangostana L. Phytochemical-mediated synthesis Biological applications
(1)
Anju, C.; Kumari, S. S. Phytochemical-Assisted Synthesis of GM-MgO NPs from Garcinia Mangostana L. Leaf Derived Dye: Structural Insights and Biological Applications. ajc 2026, 38, 2545-2552.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. S. Jadoun, R. Arif, N.K. Jangid and R.K. Meena, Environ. Chem. Lett., 19, 355 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01074-x
  2. T. Mustapha, N. Misni, N.R. Ithnin, A.M. Daskum and N.Z. Unyah, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19, 674 (2022); https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020674
  3. A. Sharmila, A.R. Darshan, V.M. Hadkar, N.K. Sishu and C.I. Selvaraj, Inorg. Chem. Commun., 172, 113730 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2024.113730
  4. S. Vijayakumar, V.N. Punitha and N. Parameswari, Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 47, 6729 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-06107-3
  5. L. Umaralikhan and M. Jamal Mohamed Jaffar, Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. A Sci., 42, 477 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1007/s40995-016-0041-8
  6. J. Hornak, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22, 12752 (2021); https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312752
  7. N.T.T. Nguyen, L.M. Nguyen, T.T.T. Nguyen, U.P.N. Tran, D.T.C. Nguyen and T.V. Tran, Chemosphere, 312, 137301 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137301
  8. M. Pirsaheb, T. Gholami, H. Seifi, E.A. Dawi, E.A. Said, A.-H.M. Hamoody, U.S. Altimari and M. Salavati-Niasari, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 31, 24768 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32983-x
  9. N.T T. Nguyen, L.M. Nguyen, T.T.T. Nguyen, T.T. Nguyen, D.T.C. Nguyen and T.V. Tran, Environ. Chem. Lett., 20, 2531 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01425-w
  10. A.K. Tiwari, S. Jha, S.K. Tripathi, R. Shukla, R.R. Awasthi, A.K. Bhardwaj, A.K. Singh and A. Dikshit, Discov. Appl. Sci., 6, 399 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-024-06049-z
  11. A.K. Tiwari, S. Jha, A.K. Singh, S.K. Mishra, A.K. Pathak, R.P. Ojha, R.S. Yadav and A. Dikshit, Crystals, 12, 1063 (2022); https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12081063
  12. A.K. Tiwari, S. Jha, S.K. Tripathi, R.R. Awasthi, A.K. Bhardwaj, A.K. Singh and A. Dikshit, Mater. Res. Express, 11, 085005 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ad6ca9
  13. T. Sambandam, G. Karuppasamy, G. Perumal and E.C. Rajasingh, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 262, 113084 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.113084
  14. P. Govindhan, Nat. Prod. Res., 40, 215 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2024.2402474
  15. S. Khadem and R.J. Marles, Nat. Prod. Res., 39, 2252 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2024.2357663
  16. Y.B. Chan, M. Aminuzzaman, X.-T. Chuah, K. Li, P. Balu, L.S. Wong, S.K. Guha and L.-H. Tey, Nanotechnol. Rev., 14, 20250157 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2025-0157
  17. I.J. Lithi, K.I.A. Nakib, A.S. Chowdhury and M.S. Hossain, Nanoscale Adv., 7, 2446 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1039/D5NA00037H
  18. M.M. Ragab, A.G. Hassabo and H. Othman, Colorat. Polym. Sci., 19, 137 (2022); https://doi.org/10.21608/jtcps.2022.130253.1115
  19. T. Mosmann, J. Immunol. Methods, 65, 55 (1983); https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4
  20. M.M. Joseph, S.R. Aravind, S. Varghese, S. Mini and T.T. Sreelekha, Mol. Med. Rep., 5, 489 (2012); https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2011.638
  21. Y. Mizushima and M. Kobayashi, J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 20, 169 (1968); https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1968.tb09718.x
  22. S. Sakat, P. Tupe and A. Juvekar, Planta Med., 76, P090 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1264388
  23. K.P. Anthony and M.A. Saleh, Antioxidants, 2, 398 (2013); https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox2040398
  24. W. Brand-Williams, M.E. Cuvelier and C.L.W.T. Berset, Lebensm. Wiss. Technol., 28, 25 (1995); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
  25. C. Valgas, S.M.D. Souza, E.F. Smânia and A. Smânia Jr., Braz. J. Microbiol., 38, 369 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822007000200034
  26. N.Y.T. Nguyen, N. Grelling, C.L. Wetteland, R. Rosario and H. Liu, Sci. Rep., 8, 16260 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34567-5
  27. C. Anju and S. Sudha Kumari, Results Chem., 27, 103443 (2026); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2026.103443
  28. Q.M.N. Alsultan, K. Sijam, T.S. Rashid and K.B. Ahmad, Am. J. Plant Sci., 7, 1013 (2016); https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2016.77096
  29. D.M. Radulescu, I.A. Neacsu, B.S. Vasile, V.A. Surdu, O.C. Oprea, R.D. Trusca, C. Chircov, R.C. Popescu, C.I. Ilie, L.M. Ditu, V. Drumea and E. Andronescu, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26, 9021 (2025); https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26189021
  30. D. Kirubakaran and V. Krishnan, Pharmacol. Res.-Nat. Prod., 7, 100238 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100238
  31. D. Kirubakaran, Digit. Chin. Med., 8, 183 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcmed.2025.05.002
  32. H. Amrulloh, A. Fatiqin, W. Simanjuntak, H. Afriyani and A. Annissa, J. Multidiscipl. Appl. Nat. Sci., 1, 44 (2021); https://doi.org/10.47352/jmans.v1i1.9
  33. N. John Sushma, D. Prathyusha, G. Swathi, T. Madhavi, B.D. Prasad Raju, K. Mallikarjuna and H.-S. Kim, Appl. Nanosci., 6, 437 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-015-0455-1
  34. M. Ramezani Farani, M. Farsadrooh, I. Zare, A. Gholami and O. Akhavan, Catalysts, 13, 642 (2023); https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13040642
  35. P. Bhattacharya, A. Dey and S. Neogi, J. Mater. Chem. B, 9, 5329 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TB00875G
  36. H.C.S. Perera, V. Gurunanthanan, A. Singh, M.M.M.G.P.G. Mantilaka, G. Das and S. Arya, J. Magnes. Alloy., 12, 1709 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2024.05.003
  37. S. Varshney, A. Nigam, N. Mishra and S.J. Pawar, J. Korean Ceram. Soc., 60, 62 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1007/s43207-022-00236-7
  38. A. Muhaymin, H.E.A. Mohamed, K. Hkiri, A. Safdar, S. Azizi and M. Maaza, Sci. Rep., 14, 20135 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71149-0
  39. N.B. Arun Kumar, B. Mahendra, J. Sirajudeeen, M.R. Anil Kumar, H.P. Nagaswarupa, C.R. Ravi Kumar and B. Umesh, Mater. Today Proc., 5, 22275 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.06.593
  40. F. Gu, S.F. Wang, M.K. Lü, W.G. Zou, G.J. Zhou, D. Xu and D.R. Yuan, J. Cryst. Growth, 260, 507 (2004); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2003.08.044
  41. T.B. Nijalingappa, M.K. Veeraiah, R.B. Basavaraj, G.P. Darshan, S.C. Sharma and H. Nagabhushana, Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol., 18, 100991 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.01.029
  42. E. Proniewicz, A.M. Vijayan, O. Surma, A. Szkudlarek and M. Molenda, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25, 4242 (2024); https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25084242
  43. N. Sisubalan, S. Ramadoss, M. Gnanaraj, A. Vijayan, K. Chandrasekaran, S.B. Sundaram, C. Chaiyavat and V. Kokkarachedu, Eco-friendly Synthesis of MgO Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications: Advances, Challenges and Future Prospects, In: Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences, Springer: Cham, Switzerland (2024).
  44. M.K. Soliman, A.H. Talib, R. Mahmoud, Z.A. Ali, H.H. Al-Haideri, A. Abalkhail, A.S. Binshaya, M.H. Salem, F.O. Al-Otibi and M.T. Yassin, AMB Express, 15, 143 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-025-01950-1
  45. Z.X. Tang and B.F. Lv, Braz. J. Chem. Eng., 31, 591 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-6632.20140313s00002813
  46. H. Kaur, S. Kumar and G. Bouzid, Interactions, 245, 234 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10751-024-02088-5
  47. M.F. Khan and M.A. Khan, Future Pharmacol., 3, 252 (2023); https://doi.org/10.3390/futurepharmacol3010018
  48. D. Kirubakaran, K. Selvam, P. Prakash, M.S. Shivakumar and M. Rajkumar, OpenNano, 14, 100188 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onano.2023.100188
  49. D. Kirubakaran, G. Bupesh, R. Murugeswaran, J. Ramalingam, J.B.A. Wahid, S. Arokiyaraj, V. Sivasakthi and J. Panigrahi, Biomed. Mater. Devices, 4, 552 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1007/s44174-025-00283-8
  50. S. Ali, K.G. Sudha, M. Thiruvengadam and R. Govindasamy, Biomass Convers. Biorefin., 14, 21431 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04252-3
  51. D. Kirubakaran, K. Selvam, P. Prakash, P. Manimegalai, M.S. Shivakumar and S. SenthilNathan, Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem., 70, 870 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1002/bab.2406
  52. M.R. Khan, N.O. Alafaleq, A.K. Ramu, K. Alhosaini, M.S. Khan, T.A. Zughaibi and S. Tabrez, Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 31, 103874 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103874
  53. T. Shekofteh Narm, H. Hamidinezhad and M. Darroudi, Waste Biomass Valoriz., 16, 2459 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-024-02823-7
  54. H. Dayalan, G. Bupesh, D. Kirubakaran, D. Mathe and J. Panigrahi, Med. Oncol., 42, 245 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-025-02780-8
  55. M. Rajkumar, S.D. Presley, P. Govindaraj, D. Kirubakaran, F. Farahim, T. Ali, M. Shkir and S. Latha, Sci. Rep., 15, 3931 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87932-6
  56. A.R. Ribeiro, S.S. Silva and R.L. Reis, Biomater. Adv., 134, 112720 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2022.112720
  57. A. Carrapiço, M.R. Martins, A.T. Caldeira, J. Mirão and L. Dias, Microorganisms, 11, 378 (2023); https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020378
  58. D. Kirubakaran, K. Selvam, M.S. Shivakumar, M. Rajkumar, S. Kannan and B. Navina, ChemistrySelect, 9, e202302792 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202302792
  59. T. Jin and Y. He, J. Nanopart. Res., 13, 6877 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-011-0595-5
  60. Y.H. Leung, A.M. Ng, X. Xu, Z. Shen, L.A. Gethings, M.T. Wong, C.M. Chan, M.Y. Guo, Y.H. Ng, A.B. Djurišić, P.K. Lee, W.K. Chan, L.H. Yu, D.L. Phillips, A.P.Y. Ma and F.C.C. Leung, Small, 10, 1171 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201302434
  61. S. Hayat, S. Muzammil, M.H. Rasool, Z. Nisar, S.Z. Hussain, A.N. Sabri and S. Jamil, Microbiol. Immunol., 62, 211 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1111/1348-0421.12580
Read More
Author biographies is not available.
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC
Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 0 Download : 0
PlumX