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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Assessment of Biogrowth at Two Different Environments of Nuclear Power Plant Cooling Water System Located at Southern Coast of India
Corresponding Author(s) : P. Sriyutha Murthy
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 35 No. 1 (2023): Vol 35 Issue 1
Abstract
A systematic assessment of biogrowth development on titanium coupons exposed to ambient seawater (intake) and chlorinated seawater (pump house) environments of a coastal nuclear power plant was carried out. Titanium coupons were exposed for a period of 2 years and periodically removed at monthly intervals for biogrowth assessment. Biofouling biomass at the seawater intake station ranged from 0.8-12.5 kg m-2 during the 2 years of study. Continuous chlorination of 0.2 ± 0.1 mg L-1 and shock dose chlorination for 1 h/day at residuals of 0.4 ± 0.1 mg L-1 was very effective in reducing the biofouling load in the cooling water system. A reduction in fouling biomass of 95% was observed on titanium coupons between the intake and the pump house stations. Biofoulants recruitment was found to occur throughout the year at varying intensities. Diversity of organisms on the coupon was influenced by seasonality and distinct successional patterns were observed at the seawater intake. Barnacles were the dominant fouling organisms followed by mat forming ascidians, bryozoans, oysters, hydroids and seaweeds at the intake station. Sluggish biofouling development was observed on coupons at the intake due to the sub-tidal intake system (-5 m), which had a lesser load of meroplanktonic organisms. The study also showed that low dose continuous chlorination was an effective strategy for biofouling control in the cooling water system of the tropical power station which uses titanium heat exchangers for steam condensation.
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- R. Venkatesan, J. Kadiyam, P. SenthilKumar, R. Lavanya and L. Vedaprakash, Marine Technol. Soc. J., 51, 22 (2017); https://doi.org/10.4031/MTSJ.51.2.11
- T.S. Rao, Eds.: S. Rajagopal, H.A. Jenner and V.P. Venugopalan, Microbial Fouling and Corrosion: Fundamentals and Mechanisms, In: Operational and Environmental Consequences of Large Industrial Cooling Water Systems, Springer Inc., The Netherlands, pp. 95-126 (2012).
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- C.H. Henager, P.M. Daling and K.I. Johnson, Bivalve Fouling of Nuclear Power Plant Service-Water Systems: Factors that may Intensify the Safety Consequences of Biofouling, NUREG/CR–4070, Pacific Northwest Labs: Richland, WA, USA, vol. 3, p. 58 (1985).
- C. Malmstrom, Nat. Educ. Knowledge, 3, 88 (2010).
- G. Brankevich, R. Bastida and C. Lemmi, Biofouling, 1, 113 (1988); https://doi.org/10.1080/08927018809378101
- S. Rajagopal, V.P. Venugopalan, K.V.K. Nair and J. Azariah, Biofouling, 3, 325 (1991); https://doi.org/10.1080/08927019109378186
- H.C. Flemming, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 59, 629 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-002-1066-9
- T.S. Rao, A.J. Kora, P. Chandramohan, B.S. Panigrahi and S.V. Narasimhan, Biofouling, 25, 581 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1080/08927010903016543
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- T.S. Rao, Eds.: Z. Amjad and K.D. Demadis, Biofouling in Industrial Water Systems, Mineral Scales and Deposits, Elsevier, pp. 123-140 (2015).
- P.S. Murthy, P. Veeramani, M.I. Mohamed Ershath and V.P. Venugopalan, Power Plant Chem., 13, 314 (2011).
- S. Satheesh and S.G. Wesley, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 94, 155 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2011.06.011
- P. Sriyutha Murthy, V.P. Venugopalan, K.V.K. Nair and T. Subramoniam, Eds.: H.C. Flemming, P.S. Murthy, R. Venkatesan and K. Cooksey, Larval Settlement and Surfaces: Implications in Development of Antifouling Strategies In: Marine and Industrial Biofouling, Springer: Berlin. pp. 265-292 (2008).
- S. Rajagopal, V.P. Venugopalan, G. van der Velde and H.A. Jenner, Aquat. Ecol., 40, 273 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-006-9032-8
- D. Feng, C. Ke, C. Lu and S. Li, Mar. Freshwat. Behav. Physiol., 43, 11 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1080/10236240903523204
- S. Rajagopal, V.P. Venugopalan, G. van der Velde and H.A. Jenner, Mar. Environ. Res., 62, 98 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2006.03.004
- J. Lubchenco and B.A. Menge, Ecol. Monogr., 48, 67 (1978); https://doi.org/10.2307/2937360
- R. Claudi, H.A. Jenner and G.L. Mackie, Eds.: S. Rajagopal, P. Venugopalan and H.K. Jenner, Monitoring the Underestimated Need in Macrofouling Control, In: Operational and Environmental Consequences of Large Industrial Cooling Water Systems, Springer: New York (2012).
- T. Van der Stap, J.W.P. Coolen and H.J. Lindeboom, PLoS One, 11, e0146324 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146324
- M.R.A. Koehl, Biofouling, 23, 357 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1080/08927010701492250
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- J.H. Connell, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 93, 11 (1985); https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(85)90146-7
- H.L. Hunt and R.E. Scheibling, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 155, 269 (1997); https://doi.org/10.3354/meps155269
- K. Nandakumar, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 131, 191 (1996); https://doi.org/10.3354/meps131191
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- S. Satheesh and S.G. Wesley, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 79, 518 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2008.05.008
- K. Mirjushenko, R. Shakirov, A. Invanov and V. Vishnevskaya, Cooling Kudankulam Institute Hydroproject, 2, Volokolamskoye shosse Moscow, 125993, Moscow: Russia (2011).
- J.D.H. Strickland and T.R. Parsons, A Practical Handbook of Seawater Analysis, Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin, No. 167, Edn.: 2 (1972).
- K. Nandakumar, Eds.: T. Subramoniam, Estimating Biofouling Potential of a Candidate site In: Methods and Techniques in Marine Biotechnology, University of Madras Publications, Chennai, India, pp.18-20 (1998).
- A.C. Anil, K. Chiba, K. Okamoto and H. Kurokura, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 118, 159 (1995); https://doi.org/10.3354/meps118159
- A.L. Chase, J.A. Dijkstra and L.G. Harris, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 106, 35 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.049
- S. Satheesh and S.G. Wesley, Vertical Distribution of Macrofouling Communities in Kudankulam Coastal Waters, Gulf of Mannar (east coast of India), Marine Biodiversity Records, Marine Biological Association U.K., pp. 1-6 (2009).
- N. Sasikumar, S. Rajagopal and K.V.K. Nair, Indian J. Geo-Mar. Sci., 21, 143 (1989).
- N. Sasikumar, S. Rajagopal and K.V.K. Nair, Indian J. Geo-Mar. Sci., 18, 270 (1997); http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/38426
- S.S. Shaju, S.C. Prasad, A.K. Samal, N. Menon, K.A. Mathew, A. Nazar and G. George, Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci., 29, 100618 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2019.100618
- S. Rajagopal, K.V.K. Nair, G. Velde and H.A. Jenner, J. Aquatic Ecol., 30, 309 (1997); https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02085874
- V. Nisha and H. Achyuthan, Cont. Shelf Res., 72, 99 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2013.08.003
- M. Vajravelu, Y. Martin, S. Ayyappan and M. Mayakrishnan, Oceanologia, 60, 114 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2017.08.003
- S. Rajagopal, V.P. Venugopalan and H.A. Jenner, Eds.: S. Rajagopal, V.P. Venugopalan and H.K. Jenner, Operational and Environmental Issues Relating to Industrial Cooling Water Systems: An Overview; In: Operational and Environmental Consequences of Large Industrial Cooling Water Systems, Springer Verlag Berlin: Heidelberg: SpringerVerlag, pp. 1-11 (2012).
- C.M. Young and N.J. Gotelli, Ecology, 69, 624 (1988); https://doi.org/10.2307/1941011
- P.T. Raimondi and M.J. Keough, Aust. J. Ecol., 15, 427 (1990); https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1990.tb01468.x
- J. Pineda, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 107, 125 (1994); https://doi.org/10.3354/meps107125
- W.P. Sousa, Ecol. Monogr., 48, 227 (1979); https://doi.org/10.2307/1942484
- B.A. Menge, Ecol. Monogr., 46, 355 (1976); https://doi.org/10.2307/1942563
- C.H. Leonard, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 178, 241 (1999); https://doi.org/10.3354/meps178241
- I. Valiela, Marine Ecological Processes Springer-Verlag: New York 546, (1984); https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1833-1
- C.A. Gaonkar and A.C. Anil, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K., 93, 1335 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315412001865
- F. Olivier, R. Tremblay, E. Bourget and D. Rittschof, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 199, 185 (2000); https://doi.org/10.3354/meps199185
- R.G. Hughes, S. Johnson and I.D. Smith, Hydrobiologia, 216-217, 205 (1991); https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00026463
- R.G. Withers and H. Thorpe, Eds.: B.F. Keegam and P.O. Ceidigh, Studies on Shallow Sublittoral Epibenthos of Langstone Harbour. Hampshire Using Settlement Coupons, In: Biology of Benthic Organisms, Pregamon, Oxford, pp. 595-604 (1977).
- S. Rajagopal, J. Azariah and K.V.K. Nair, Mahasagar, 23, 29 (1990).
- S. Vaselli, F. Bulleri and L. Benedetti-Cecchi, Mar. Environ. Res., 66, 395 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2008.06.002
References
R. Venkatesan, J. Kadiyam, P. SenthilKumar, R. Lavanya and L. Vedaprakash, Marine Technol. Soc. J., 51, 22 (2017); https://doi.org/10.4031/MTSJ.51.2.11
T.S. Rao, Eds.: S. Rajagopal, H.A. Jenner and V.P. Venugopalan, Microbial Fouling and Corrosion: Fundamentals and Mechanisms, In: Operational and Environmental Consequences of Large Industrial Cooling Water Systems, Springer Inc., The Netherlands, pp. 95-126 (2012).
J.H. Rains, W.J. Foley and A. Hennik, Flow blockage of Cooling water to Safety System Components by Corbicula sp. (Asiatic clam) and Mytilus sp. (mussel), USNRC. Washington: D.C. Report No.: NUREG/CR 3054 (1984).
C.H. Henager, P.M. Daling and K.I. Johnson, Bivalve Fouling of Nuclear Power Plant Service-Water Systems: Factors that may Intensify the Safety Consequences of Biofouling, NUREG/CR–4070, Pacific Northwest Labs: Richland, WA, USA, vol. 3, p. 58 (1985).
C. Malmstrom, Nat. Educ. Knowledge, 3, 88 (2010).
G. Brankevich, R. Bastida and C. Lemmi, Biofouling, 1, 113 (1988); https://doi.org/10.1080/08927018809378101
S. Rajagopal, V.P. Venugopalan, K.V.K. Nair and J. Azariah, Biofouling, 3, 325 (1991); https://doi.org/10.1080/08927019109378186
H.C. Flemming, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 59, 629 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-002-1066-9
T.S. Rao, A.J. Kora, P. Chandramohan, B.S. Panigrahi and S.V. Narasimhan, Biofouling, 25, 581 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1080/08927010903016543
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G. Sahu, A. Mohanty, M.S. Achary, M.V.R. Prasad and K.K. Satpathy, Indian J. Geo-Mar. Sci., 44, 1335 (2015).
T.S. Rao, Eds.: Z. Amjad and K.D. Demadis, Biofouling in Industrial Water Systems, Mineral Scales and Deposits, Elsevier, pp. 123-140 (2015).
P.S. Murthy, P. Veeramani, M.I. Mohamed Ershath and V.P. Venugopalan, Power Plant Chem., 13, 314 (2011).
S. Satheesh and S.G. Wesley, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 94, 155 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2011.06.011
P. Sriyutha Murthy, V.P. Venugopalan, K.V.K. Nair and T. Subramoniam, Eds.: H.C. Flemming, P.S. Murthy, R. Venkatesan and K. Cooksey, Larval Settlement and Surfaces: Implications in Development of Antifouling Strategies In: Marine and Industrial Biofouling, Springer: Berlin. pp. 265-292 (2008).
S. Rajagopal, V.P. Venugopalan, G. van der Velde and H.A. Jenner, Aquat. Ecol., 40, 273 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-006-9032-8
D. Feng, C. Ke, C. Lu and S. Li, Mar. Freshwat. Behav. Physiol., 43, 11 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1080/10236240903523204
S. Rajagopal, V.P. Venugopalan, G. van der Velde and H.A. Jenner, Mar. Environ. Res., 62, 98 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2006.03.004
J. Lubchenco and B.A. Menge, Ecol. Monogr., 48, 67 (1978); https://doi.org/10.2307/2937360
R. Claudi, H.A. Jenner and G.L. Mackie, Eds.: S. Rajagopal, P. Venugopalan and H.K. Jenner, Monitoring the Underestimated Need in Macrofouling Control, In: Operational and Environmental Consequences of Large Industrial Cooling Water Systems, Springer: New York (2012).
T. Van der Stap, J.W.P. Coolen and H.J. Lindeboom, PLoS One, 11, e0146324 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146324
M.R.A. Koehl, Biofouling, 23, 357 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1080/08927010701492250
S. Dobretsov, R.M.M. Abed and C.R. Voolstra, Biofouling, 29, 617 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2013.784279
P.D. Steinberg, R. de Nys and S. Kjelleberg, J. Chem. Ecol., 28, 1935 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020789625989
R.S. Smith, E.L. Johnston and G.F. Clark, PLoS One, 9, e102920 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102920
S. Fraschetti, A. Giangrande, A. Terlizzi and F. Boero, Oceanol. Acta, 25, 285 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0399-1784(02)01194-5
S.R. Rodriguez, F.P. Ojeda and N.C. Inestrosa, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 97, 193 (1993); https://doi.org/10.3354/meps097193
J.H. Connell, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 93, 11 (1985); https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(85)90146-7
H.L. Hunt and R.E. Scheibling, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 155, 269 (1997); https://doi.org/10.3354/meps155269
K. Nandakumar, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 131, 191 (1996); https://doi.org/10.3354/meps131191
S. Rajagopal, V.P. Venugopalan, J. Azariah and K.V.K. Nair, Biofouling, 8, 313 (1995); https://doi.org/10.1080/08927019509378284
P. Sriyutha Murthy, R. Venkatesan, K.V.K. Nair, D. Inbakandan, S.S. Jahan, D.M. Peter and M. Ravindran, Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad., 55, 161 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2004.11.001
S. Rajagopal, G. Van Der Velde, M. Van der Gaag and H.A. Jenner, Biofouling, 18, 95 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1080/08927010290000787
S. Venkatnarayanan, P.S. Murthy, R. Kirubagaran and V.P. Venugopalan, Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad., 109, 141 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.01.011
P. Sriyutha Murthy, V.P. Venugopalan, K.V.K. Nair and T. Subramoniam, Eds.: H.-C. Flemming, P.S. Murthy, R. Venkatesan and K. Cooksey, Larval Settlement and Surfaces: Implications in Development of Antifouling Strategies In: Marine and Industrial Biofouling, Springer: Berlin, pp. 265-292 (2008).
S. Satheesh and S.G. Wesley, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 79, 518 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2008.05.008
K. Mirjushenko, R. Shakirov, A. Invanov and V. Vishnevskaya, Cooling Kudankulam Institute Hydroproject, 2, Volokolamskoye shosse Moscow, 125993, Moscow: Russia (2011).
J.D.H. Strickland and T.R. Parsons, A Practical Handbook of Seawater Analysis, Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin, No. 167, Edn.: 2 (1972).
K. Nandakumar, Eds.: T. Subramoniam, Estimating Biofouling Potential of a Candidate site In: Methods and Techniques in Marine Biotechnology, University of Madras Publications, Chennai, India, pp.18-20 (1998).
A.C. Anil, K. Chiba, K. Okamoto and H. Kurokura, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 118, 159 (1995); https://doi.org/10.3354/meps118159
A.L. Chase, J.A. Dijkstra and L.G. Harris, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 106, 35 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.049
S. Satheesh and S.G. Wesley, Vertical Distribution of Macrofouling Communities in Kudankulam Coastal Waters, Gulf of Mannar (east coast of India), Marine Biodiversity Records, Marine Biological Association U.K., pp. 1-6 (2009).
N. Sasikumar, S. Rajagopal and K.V.K. Nair, Indian J. Geo-Mar. Sci., 21, 143 (1989).
N. Sasikumar, S. Rajagopal and K.V.K. Nair, Indian J. Geo-Mar. Sci., 18, 270 (1997); http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/38426
S.S. Shaju, S.C. Prasad, A.K. Samal, N. Menon, K.A. Mathew, A. Nazar and G. George, Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci., 29, 100618 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2019.100618
S. Rajagopal, K.V.K. Nair, G. Velde and H.A. Jenner, J. Aquatic Ecol., 30, 309 (1997); https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02085874
V. Nisha and H. Achyuthan, Cont. Shelf Res., 72, 99 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2013.08.003
M. Vajravelu, Y. Martin, S. Ayyappan and M. Mayakrishnan, Oceanologia, 60, 114 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2017.08.003
S. Rajagopal, V.P. Venugopalan and H.A. Jenner, Eds.: S. Rajagopal, V.P. Venugopalan and H.K. Jenner, Operational and Environmental Issues Relating to Industrial Cooling Water Systems: An Overview; In: Operational and Environmental Consequences of Large Industrial Cooling Water Systems, Springer Verlag Berlin: Heidelberg: SpringerVerlag, pp. 1-11 (2012).
C.M. Young and N.J. Gotelli, Ecology, 69, 624 (1988); https://doi.org/10.2307/1941011
P.T. Raimondi and M.J. Keough, Aust. J. Ecol., 15, 427 (1990); https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1990.tb01468.x
J. Pineda, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 107, 125 (1994); https://doi.org/10.3354/meps107125
W.P. Sousa, Ecol. Monogr., 48, 227 (1979); https://doi.org/10.2307/1942484
B.A. Menge, Ecol. Monogr., 46, 355 (1976); https://doi.org/10.2307/1942563
C.H. Leonard, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 178, 241 (1999); https://doi.org/10.3354/meps178241
I. Valiela, Marine Ecological Processes Springer-Verlag: New York 546, (1984); https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1833-1
C.A. Gaonkar and A.C. Anil, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K., 93, 1335 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315412001865
F. Olivier, R. Tremblay, E. Bourget and D. Rittschof, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 199, 185 (2000); https://doi.org/10.3354/meps199185
R.G. Hughes, S. Johnson and I.D. Smith, Hydrobiologia, 216-217, 205 (1991); https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00026463
R.G. Withers and H. Thorpe, Eds.: B.F. Keegam and P.O. Ceidigh, Studies on Shallow Sublittoral Epibenthos of Langstone Harbour. Hampshire Using Settlement Coupons, In: Biology of Benthic Organisms, Pregamon, Oxford, pp. 595-604 (1977).
S. Rajagopal, J. Azariah and K.V.K. Nair, Mahasagar, 23, 29 (1990).
S. Vaselli, F. Bulleri and L. Benedetti-Cecchi, Mar. Environ. Res., 66, 395 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2008.06.002