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Vol. 38 No. 7 (2026): Vol. 38, No 7 (2026)

Copyright (c) 2026 Lalit Chandravanshi, Amrita Yadav, Chandni, Himanshu Yadav, Bharti Jain

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Development and Validation of Green CPSE-LC-MS/MS Analytical Method for Forensic Identification of Zolpidem in Beverage Matrices

https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2026.35979
Amrita Yadav
Department of Forensic Science, Sharda School of Allied Health Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida-201310, India
https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0037-8356
Chandni
Department of Forensic Science, Sharda School of Allied Health Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida-201310, India
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0910-9607
Himanshu Yadav
Department of Forensic Science, Sharda School of Allied Health Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida-201310, India
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9940-2816
Bharti Jain
Department of Forensic Science, Sharda School of Allied Health Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida-201310, India
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4941-4023
Lalit P. Chandravanshi
Department of Forensic Science, Sharda School of Allied Health Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida-201310, India
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0425-6797

Corresponding Author(s) : Lalit P. Chandravanshi

chandravanshi04@gmail.com

Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 38 No. 7 (2026): Vol. 38, No 7 (2026)

Abstract

Zolpidem, a broadly prescribed Z-sedative hypnotic drug used for short-period management of insomnia. Recently, zolpidem gained forensic importance due to its misuse in drug facilitated sexual assault cases, which necessitates the development of reliable analytical method. In present study, the eco-friendly analytical method based on cellulose paper sorptive extraction coupled to liquid chromato-graphy tandem mass spectrometry (CPSE-LC-MS/MS) was developed for the detection of zolpidem in water, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. The ideal optimised extraction parameters include: pH 9, vortex and ultrasonication time 90 sec and 12.5 min, extraction time - 6 min, elution solvent (isopropanol) 1.5 mL and 7 pieces of filter paper (1.5 cm × 1.5 cm). The chromatographic separation performed using binary mobile phase: 0.1% formic acid in Milli-Q (solvent A) and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (solvent B). As a result, excellent linearity from 1.325-1000 ng mL–1, (R2 = 0.9992), LOD and LOQ of 0.095 and 0.317 ng mL–1, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precision were below 7.26% and recovery ranged from 84.46 to 108.02%. Additionally, the environmental sustainability of the method was assessed through MoGAPI, BAGI and RGB 12 model, confirming the greenness of the method. Developed analytical method is more accurate, reliable and green(er) for the forensic investigations of zolpidem in the samples.

Keywords

Zolpidem Micro-extraction Drug facilitated crimes LC-MS/MS
(1)
Yadav, A.; Chandni; Yadav, H.; Jain, B.; Chandravanshi, L. P. Development and Validation of Green CPSE-LC-MS MS Analytical Method for Forensic Identification of Zolpidem in Beverage Matrices. ajc 2026, 38, 1775-1784.
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