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Vol. 38 No. 7 (2026): Vol. 38, No 7 (2026)

Copyright (c) 2026 Priyvart Choudhary

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Physico-Chemical Assessment of Tannery Effluents: Heavy Metal Toxicity, Health Implications and its Remediation Strategies

https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2026.35789
Surbhi Bhardwaj
Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Science, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun-248007, India
https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8700-3720
Priyvart Choudhary
Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun-248002, India
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0047-6805
Dhyal Singh
Department of Zoology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Dehradun-248001, India
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1565-0164
Indra Rautela
Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Science, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun-248007, India
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2159-7542

Corresponding Author(s) : Priyvart Choudhary

priyvartofficial@gmail.com

Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 38 No. 7 (2026): Vol. 38, No 7 (2026)

Abstract

Environmental sustainability has developed a major world-wide apprehension due to the continuous announcement of industrial contaminants into the ecosystem. Tannery effluents are recognised as some of the most hazardous industrial wastewaters due to their complex composition and high pollutant load. These effluents contain substantial concentrations of heavy metals, particularly chromium, along with elevated levels of dissolved solids, chlorides, sulphides and various organic contaminants. Chromium concentrations in untreated tannery wastewater have been reported in the range of 150-3000 mg/L. Furthermore, the wastewater exhibits an exceptionally high organic burden, with biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) values of 2500-8000 mg/L and chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels of 5500-15000 mg/L. The combined presence of toxic metals and recalcitrant organic pollutants significantly exceeds permissible discharge limits, posing serious environmental and public health concerns if released without adequate treatment. Such concentrations greatly exceed the acceptable discharge standards and pose serious risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health. These pollutants suggestively affect aquatic ecosystems, soil productiveness, seed germination and crop efficiency. Heavy metals such as chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) undertake bioaccumulation and biomagnification, foremost to unembellished human health risks together with kidney dysfunction, liver toxicity, respiratory disorders and carcinogenic belongings. This review appraises the physico-chemical characteristics of tannery sewages, their ecological and toxicological influences and presently accessible remediation strategies. Conventional treatment procedures such as coagulation, chemical precipitation, adsorption and membrane filtration have revealed elimination effectiveness of 60-95%, but boundaries together with higher operational cost and sludge cohort restrict their large-scale application. Developing technologies together with bioremediation, phytoremediation, nanotechnology-based adsorbents and hybrid treatment arrangements demonstrate better-quality heavy metal elimination efficiency exceeding 90% under optimised conditions. The study additional classifies major research gaps associated with long-term field-scale authentication, sludge management and maintainable resource recovery. Future investigations should focus on emerging cost-effective, eco-friendly and energy-efficient remediation knowledges for effective tannery wastewater treatment and environmental protection.

Keywords

Heavy metal Toxicity Tannery wastewater Human health Bioremediation
(1)
Bhardwaj, S.; Choudhary, P.; Singh, D.; Rautela, I. Physico-Chemical Assessment of Tannery Effluents: Heavy Metal Toxicity, Health Implications and Its Remediation Strategies. ajc 2026, 38, 1683-1695.
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