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Vol. 38 No. 5 (2026): Vol 38, Issue 5, 2026

Copyright (c) 2026 Hossain M. Shahadat, Salma, Sathi, Farjana , Tania , Afrina, Mihir, Sayadur

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Green Synthesis of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles using Averrhoa carambola and Psidium guajava Plant Extract: Characterisation and Photocatalytic Activity Treatment of Organic Dye

https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2026.35689
H.M. Shahadat
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Comilla University, Cumilla 3506, Bangladesh; Labortory of Organometallics, Catalysis and Ordered Materials, Comilla University, Cumilla 3506, Bangladesh
S. Akter
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Comilla University, Cumilla 3506, Bangladesh
https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2431-7671
S.A. Sathi
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Comilla University, Cumilla 3506, Bangladesh; School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2560, Australia
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8877-8475
F. Akter
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Comilla University, Cumilla 3506, Bangladesh
https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1581-9660
T. Akter
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Comilla University, Cumilla 3506, Bangladesh
https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4905-5684
K.A. Haque
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Comilla University, Cumilla 3506, Bangladesh
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1901-482X
M.L. Bhowmik
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Comilla University, Cumilla 3506, Bangladesh
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2884-8069
M.M. Hasan
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Comilla University, Cumilla 3506, Bangladesh; Department of Chemistry, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4398-0343
M.S. Rahaman
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Comilla University, Cumilla 3506, Bangladesh
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7190-0096

Corresponding Author(s) : H.M. Shahadat

msh_chem@cou.ac.bd

Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 38 No. 5 (2026): Vol 38, Issue 5, 2026

Abstract

In this research, Co3O4 NPs were produced by combining the leaf extracts of Averrhoa carambola and Psidium guajava with CoCl2·6H2O as a source of cobalt. The obtained product was calcined at 550 ºC and the synthesised nanoparticles were analysed by various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. According to XRD, the nanoparticles generated from two types of leaf extract were found to have a size in the nano range of 19.58 and 9.03 nm, respectively which also confirms the face-cantered cubic spinel structure of synthesised Co3O4 NPs. Besides, the FT-IR analysis confirms the functional group present in the Co3O4 NPs. TEM provided surface morphological studies of Co3O4 NPs formed in quasi-spherical shapes and irregular shaped having both spherical and square shape, respectively. From TEM, the average particle size was determined to be 26.29 and 28.90 nm using the image J program. Scanning area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern of the nanoparticle showed bright spotted ring like image which represents polycrystalline particle, which further supports the results of XRD and TEM. The diameter of SAED rings were measured using Image J Software Version 2022 and then the d-spacing of the crystal planes and Miller indices (hkl) were estimated using excel sheet which were excellent correlation with XRD data. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesised nanoparticles was evaluated by degrading methyl blue (MB) dye and a degradation of 89.81% and 90.64% were achieved (dye conc. 50 mg/L) using 5 mg/20 mL Co3O4 NPs for 15 min irradiation time. Maximum degradation efficiency was sought by examining the impact of change in catalyst concentration and dye concentration. The kinetics of photodegradation are consistent with a first-order model. The current study found that A. carambola and P. guajava might be employed to synthesize Co3O4 NPs for photo-catalytic applications, due to their eco-friendly and low-cost characteristics.

Keywords

Green synthesis Co3O4 NPs Dye degradation Photocatalytic activity Averrhoa carambola Psidium guajava
(1)
Shahadat, H.; Akter, S.; Sathi, S.; Akter, F.; Akter, T.; Haque, K.; Bhowmik, M.; Hasan, M.; Rahaman, M. Green Synthesis of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles Using Averrhoa Carambola and Psidium Guajava Plant Extract: Characterisation and Photocatalytic Activity Treatment of Organic Dye. ajc 2026, 38, 1333-1340.
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