Copyright (c) 2026 Asadjon Kambarov

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Preparation of Zeolite from Recycled Alumina and Modified Bentonite
Corresponding Author(s) : Asadjon Kambarov
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 38 No. 5 (2026): Vol 38, Issue 5, 2026
Abstract
This study investigated the organic constituents of alumina waste generated as a byproduct of polyethylene production. Organic compounds adsorbed on spent hexane-saturated alumina were recovered using Soxhlet extraction, followed by solvent evaporation, derivatisation and IR spectroscopic analysis. The results confirmed the presence of diverse organic functional groups on the alumina surface. The principal objective was to establish a feasible route for synthesising artificial zeolite from recycled alumina for efficient natural gas purification. In this context, the spent alumina was evaluated as a secondary raw material and its suitability for zeolite preparation was scientifically validated. In addition, bentonite samples collected from four locations of the Azkamar deposit in the Navoi region were systematically modified and characterised. Their potential use as binder components during zeolite granulation was assessed, with particular emphasis on their effects on granule mechanical strength and structural stability. The chemical compositions of the raw and modified spent alumina and Azkamar bentonite samples were compared using X-ray fluorescence analysis. These findings demonstrate that the production of zeolitic materials for gas purification from recycled industrial resources offers significant scientific value and strong practical potential.
Keywords
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- B. Czech, Materials, 18, 5370 (2025); https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18235370
- N.H.M. Yusoff, C.H. Chong, Y.K. Wan, K.H. Cheah and V.-L. Wong, J. Water Process Eng., 51, 103410 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103410
- Q. Kong, X. Shi, W. Ma, F. Zhang, T. Yu, F. Zhao, D. Zhao and C. Wei, J. Hazard. Mater., 415, 125690 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125690
- S. Satyam and S. Patra, Heliyon, 10, e29573 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29573
- G.S. Mukherjee, A. Jain and M. Banerjee, Fine Chem. Eng., 4, 13 (2023); https://doi.org/10.37256/fce.4120232128
- M. Bonyani, I. C. Marincic and S. Krishnan, J. Compost. Sci., 10, 86 (2026); https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020086
- M. Islam, Z.U.H. Khan, A. Islam, S. Khasim, F. Ahmad, N. Ahmad, and I.A. Alsayer, RSC Adv., 16, 14688 (2026); https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ra09289b
- M.S. Akhtar, S. Ali and W. Zaman, Molecules, 29, 4317 (2024); https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29184317
- A.M. Badran, U. Utra, N.S. Yussof and M.J.K. Bashir, Separations, 10, 565 (2023); https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10110565
- A. Mudhoo, D. Mohan, C.U. Pittman Jr., G. Sharma and M. Sillanpää, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 9, 105380 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105380
- J.D. Sherman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 3471 (1999); https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.7.3471
- A. Khaleque, M.M. Alam, M. Hoque, S. Mondal, J.B. Haider, B. Xu, M. A.H. Johir, A.K. Karmakar, J.L. Zhou, M.B. Ahmed and M.A. Moni, Environ. Adv., 2, 100019 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2020.100019
- S. Eren and F.N. Türk, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 31, 41791 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33863-0
- F. Rey, S. Valencia and E. Pérez-Botella, Chem. Rev., 122, 17647 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00140
- C. Li, T. Li, Q. Cui, T. Wang, C. Wang, J. Yang, J. Shi, X. Bao and Y. Yue, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 27, 15819 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1039/D5CP00894H
- N.V. Choudary and B.L. Newalkar, J. Porous Mater., 18, 685 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-010-9427-8
- A. De Klerk, Molecules, 23, 115 (2018); https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23010115
- N. Parsafard and Z.M. Shakor, Discover Appl. Sci., 7, 415 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-025-06842-4
- N. Hijazi, A. Bavykina, I. Yarulina, T. Shoinkhorova, E.V. Ramos-Fernandez and J. Gascon, Chem. Soc. Rev., 54, 6335 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1039/D5CS00169B
- T. Zhu, T. Zhang, L. Xiao, C. Zhang and Y. Li, Catalysts, 15, 836 (2025); https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15090836
- Y. Li and J. Yu, Nat. Rev. Mater., 6, 1156 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-021-00347-3
- B. Yilmaz and U. Müller, Top. Catal., 52, 888 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-009-9226-0
- T. Koroleva, B. Pokidko, I. Morozov, A. Nesterenko, S. Kortunkova, M. Chernov, D. Ksenofontov and V. Krupskaya, Materials, 18, 472 (2025); https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18030472
- M.A. Alfaraj, A.M. Bello, A.M. Salisu and K. Al-Ramadan, Minerals, 16, 4 (2026); https://doi.org/10.3390/min16010004
- E. Mohiuddin, Y.M. Isa, M.M. Mdleleni, N. Sincadu, D. Key and T. Tshabalala, Appl. Clay Sci., 119, 213 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.10.008
- Hartati, D. Prasetyoko, M. Santoso, I. Qoniah, W.L. Leaw, P.B.D. Firda and H. Nur, J. Chin. Chem. Soc., 67, 911 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1002/jccs.201900047
- Z. Liu, X. Zhang, H. Huang, J. Yi, W. Liu, W. Liu, H. Wang, Y. Chen, J. Li, L. Zhang, X. Zhao and W. Yang, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 18, 2217 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2012.06.021
- A. Shamiri, M.H. Chakrabarti, S. Jahan, M.A. Hussain, W. Kaminsky, P.V. Aravind and W.A. Yehye, Materials, 7, 5069 (2014); https://doi.org/10.10.3390/ma7075069
- S. Abbas-Abadi, Des. Monomers Polym., 20, 524 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1080/15685551.2017.1394782
- D.W. Park, E.Y. Hwang, J.R. Kim, J.K. Choi, Y.A. Kim and H.C. Woo, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 65, 193 (1999); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(99)00004-X
- Y. Yang, R. Pan, and Y. Shuai, Fuel, 361, 130734 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.130734
- M. P. Yunusov, Sh. Gulomov, K.A. Nasullayev, D.P. Turdiyeva, N. F. Isayeva, I.S. Abdurakhmanova, B.D. Mustafayev and D. Yu. Murzin, Catal. Lett., 154, 4409 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-024-04685-z
- A. Harmaji, R. Jafari, and G. Simard, Materials, 17, 5152 (2024); https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17215152
- Y. Yang, R. Pan and Y. Shuai, Fuel, 361, 130734 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.130734
- H. Radhakrishnan, A.A.B.A. Mohammed, I. Coffman and X. Bai, Green Chem., 27, 5861 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1039/D5GC00688K
- M. Marafi and A. Stanislaus, Catal. Today, 178, 117 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2011.07.001
- S.K. Verma, V.K. Dwivedi and S.P. Dwivedi, Mater. Today Proc., 47, 4079 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.06.146
- J. Li, M. Gao, W. Yan and J. Yu, Chem. Sci., 14, 1935 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1039/D2SC06010H
- A. Norisetty, J.K. Basu and S. Sengupta, Hydrol. Current Res., 2, 119 (2011); https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000119
References
B. Czech, Materials, 18, 5370 (2025); https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18235370
N.H.M. Yusoff, C.H. Chong, Y.K. Wan, K.H. Cheah and V.-L. Wong, J. Water Process Eng., 51, 103410 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103410
Q. Kong, X. Shi, W. Ma, F. Zhang, T. Yu, F. Zhao, D. Zhao and C. Wei, J. Hazard. Mater., 415, 125690 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125690
S. Satyam and S. Patra, Heliyon, 10, e29573 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29573
G.S. Mukherjee, A. Jain and M. Banerjee, Fine Chem. Eng., 4, 13 (2023); https://doi.org/10.37256/fce.4120232128
M. Bonyani, I. C. Marincic and S. Krishnan, J. Compost. Sci., 10, 86 (2026); https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020086
M. Islam, Z.U.H. Khan, A. Islam, S. Khasim, F. Ahmad, N. Ahmad, and I.A. Alsayer, RSC Adv., 16, 14688 (2026); https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ra09289b
M.S. Akhtar, S. Ali and W. Zaman, Molecules, 29, 4317 (2024); https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29184317
A.M. Badran, U. Utra, N.S. Yussof and M.J.K. Bashir, Separations, 10, 565 (2023); https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10110565
A. Mudhoo, D. Mohan, C.U. Pittman Jr., G. Sharma and M. Sillanpää, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 9, 105380 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105380
J.D. Sherman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 3471 (1999); https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.7.3471
A. Khaleque, M.M. Alam, M. Hoque, S. Mondal, J.B. Haider, B. Xu, M. A.H. Johir, A.K. Karmakar, J.L. Zhou, M.B. Ahmed and M.A. Moni, Environ. Adv., 2, 100019 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2020.100019
S. Eren and F.N. Türk, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 31, 41791 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33863-0
F. Rey, S. Valencia and E. Pérez-Botella, Chem. Rev., 122, 17647 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00140
C. Li, T. Li, Q. Cui, T. Wang, C. Wang, J. Yang, J. Shi, X. Bao and Y. Yue, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 27, 15819 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1039/D5CP00894H
N.V. Choudary and B.L. Newalkar, J. Porous Mater., 18, 685 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-010-9427-8
A. De Klerk, Molecules, 23, 115 (2018); https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23010115
N. Parsafard and Z.M. Shakor, Discover Appl. Sci., 7, 415 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-025-06842-4
N. Hijazi, A. Bavykina, I. Yarulina, T. Shoinkhorova, E.V. Ramos-Fernandez and J. Gascon, Chem. Soc. Rev., 54, 6335 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1039/D5CS00169B
T. Zhu, T. Zhang, L. Xiao, C. Zhang and Y. Li, Catalysts, 15, 836 (2025); https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15090836
Y. Li and J. Yu, Nat. Rev. Mater., 6, 1156 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-021-00347-3
B. Yilmaz and U. Müller, Top. Catal., 52, 888 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-009-9226-0
T. Koroleva, B. Pokidko, I. Morozov, A. Nesterenko, S. Kortunkova, M. Chernov, D. Ksenofontov and V. Krupskaya, Materials, 18, 472 (2025); https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18030472
M.A. Alfaraj, A.M. Bello, A.M. Salisu and K. Al-Ramadan, Minerals, 16, 4 (2026); https://doi.org/10.3390/min16010004
E. Mohiuddin, Y.M. Isa, M.M. Mdleleni, N. Sincadu, D. Key and T. Tshabalala, Appl. Clay Sci., 119, 213 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.10.008
Hartati, D. Prasetyoko, M. Santoso, I. Qoniah, W.L. Leaw, P.B.D. Firda and H. Nur, J. Chin. Chem. Soc., 67, 911 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1002/jccs.201900047
Z. Liu, X. Zhang, H. Huang, J. Yi, W. Liu, W. Liu, H. Wang, Y. Chen, J. Li, L. Zhang, X. Zhao and W. Yang, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 18, 2217 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2012.06.021
A. Shamiri, M.H. Chakrabarti, S. Jahan, M.A. Hussain, W. Kaminsky, P.V. Aravind and W.A. Yehye, Materials, 7, 5069 (2014); https://doi.org/10.10.3390/ma7075069
S. Abbas-Abadi, Des. Monomers Polym., 20, 524 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1080/15685551.2017.1394782
D.W. Park, E.Y. Hwang, J.R. Kim, J.K. Choi, Y.A. Kim and H.C. Woo, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 65, 193 (1999); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(99)00004-X
Y. Yang, R. Pan, and Y. Shuai, Fuel, 361, 130734 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.130734
M. P. Yunusov, Sh. Gulomov, K.A. Nasullayev, D.P. Turdiyeva, N. F. Isayeva, I.S. Abdurakhmanova, B.D. Mustafayev and D. Yu. Murzin, Catal. Lett., 154, 4409 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-024-04685-z
A. Harmaji, R. Jafari, and G. Simard, Materials, 17, 5152 (2024); https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17215152
Y. Yang, R. Pan and Y. Shuai, Fuel, 361, 130734 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.130734
H. Radhakrishnan, A.A.B.A. Mohammed, I. Coffman and X. Bai, Green Chem., 27, 5861 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1039/D5GC00688K
M. Marafi and A. Stanislaus, Catal. Today, 178, 117 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2011.07.001
S.K. Verma, V.K. Dwivedi and S.P. Dwivedi, Mater. Today Proc., 47, 4079 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.06.146
J. Li, M. Gao, W. Yan and J. Yu, Chem. Sci., 14, 1935 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1039/D2SC06010H
A. Norisetty, J.K. Basu and S. Sengupta, Hydrol. Current Res., 2, 119 (2011); https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000119