Copyright (c) 2026 Phu Thuong Nhan Nguyen, Hong Nguyet Thi Nguyen, Thien Phu Nguyen Ngo, Huynh Cang Mai
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Evaluation of the Refining Process of Tamanu Oil (Calophyllum inophyllum L.)
Corresponding Author(s) : Huynh Cang Mai
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 38 No. 6 (2026): Vol. 38 Issue No 6, 2026
Abstract
This study established an optimised laboratory-scale refining process for Calophyllum inophyllum L. (Tamanu) oil, consisting of three key stages: resin removal, neutralisation and decolorisation. The refined oil exhibited a remarkable improvement in quality, with the acid value reduced by over 99% (from 54.582 mg KOH/g to 0.112 mg KOH/g) and viscosity decreased from 98.667 mPa·s to 42.9 mPa·s indicating the effective elimination of free fatty acids and impurities. The optimal parameters were identified as 90% ethanol at 50 ºC for resin removal (oil recovery approximately 81.85%, resin removal approximately 62.7%), a KOH/oil ratio of 0.2 (w/w) at 65 ºC for neutralisation (acid value approximately 0.084 mg KOH/g) and 2.5% activated clay at 90 ºC for 15 min for decolorisation (colour removal approximately 7.8%). The final product complied with the specifications of the Vietnamese Pharmacopoeia V, exhibiting a clear, golden appearance indicative of high purity. The structural integrity was confirmed by the preservation of triglyceride composition, suggesting minimal degradation or alteration during processing.
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References
C. Dweck and T. Meadows, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 24, 341 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2494.2002.00160.x
P. Raharivelomanana, J.L. Ansel, E. Lupo, L. Mijouin, S. Guillot, J.F. Butaud, R. Ho, G. Lecellier and C. Pichon, Oilseeds Fats Crops Lipids, 25, D504 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2018048
J. Girish, M. Gustiananda, R.G. Nandhira and P. Hartrianti, Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2021, 6332867 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6332867
K. Venkanna and C.V. Reddy, Bioresour. Technol., 100, 5122 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.05.023
M. Cassien, A. Mercier, S. Thétiot-Laurent, M. Culcasi, E. Ricquebourg, A. Asteian, G. Herbette, J.-P. Bianchini, P. Raharivelomanana and S. Pietri, Antioxidants, 10, 199 (2021); https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10020199
C. Morel, D. Séraphin, J.-M. Oger, M. Litaudon, T. Sévenet, P. Richomme and J. Bruneton, J. Nat. Prod., 63, 1471 (2000); https://doi.org/10.1021/np000215m
S. Ferdosh, Sci. Pharm., 92, 6 (2024); https://doi.org/10.3390/scipharm92010006
S.S. Erdogan, T.F. Gur, N.K. Terzi and B. Dogan, J. Wound Care, 30, VI (2021); https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2021.30.Sup9a.V
W.M. Oo, Int. J. Photochem. Photobiol., 2, 28 (2018); https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpp.20180201.16
E. Betiku, E.A. Olatundun, D.A. Taiwo, O.F. Omotunde, V.I. Omofaye, B.A. Babalola, A.A. Agboola and L.M. Latinwo, J. Oleo Sci., 73, 1149 (2024); https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess24022
M. Mohadesi, B. Aghel, M. Maleki and A. Ansari, Renew. Energy, 136, 677 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.01.039
N. Rajendran and B. Gurunathan, Ind. Crops Prod., 162, 113273 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113273
W.N. Wulandari, M. Darsin and R.K.K. Wibowo, AIP Conf. Proc., 2278, 020010 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0015792
L.B. Singh, K. Abirami and S. Rana, Biotica Res. Today, 2, 298 (2020).
R. Liu, X. Guo, M. Cheng, L. Zheng, M. Gong, M. Chang, Q. Jin and X. Wang, J. Food Sci. Technol., 56, 3109 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03810-w
D. Mao, J. Xia, B. Zhang and G. Lu, Energy Convers. Manage., 51, 1134 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2009.12.022
E. Elangovan and S.K. Natarajan, Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy, 41, e13812 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.13812
