Issue

Vol. 34 No. 6 (2022): Vol 34 Issue 6

Copyright (c) 2022 AJC

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Drinking and Irrigation Use in Gurugram Block of Gurugram District, Haryana, India

https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2022.23779
Vijay Laxmi
Department of Science and Technology, Mewar University, Gangrar, Chittorgarh-312901, India
Jakir Hussain
Upper Yamuna River Board, Ministry of Jal Shakti, R.K. Puram, New Delhi-110066, India
Ikbal Husain
Public Health Engineering Department, Bhilwara-311001, India
Geetu Gambhir
Department of Chemistry, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi-110019, India

Corresponding Author(s) : Jakir Hussain

drjakirhussain@gmail.com

Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 34 No. 6 (2022): Vol 34 Issue 6

Abstract

Groundwater is a vital and reliable source of water in all climates worldwide. In this work, a total of 26 groundwater samples were collected from the Gurugram Block of Gurugram District (a cosmopolitan city situtated proximately to capital of India) analyzed for electrical conductivity, pH, hardness, dissolved solids (TDS), Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl- and alkalinity as HCO3−, CO32−. Based on the analytical results, the sodium adsorption ratio, sodium percentage, residual sodium carbonate, chloro-alkaline index, base exchange index, meteoric genesis index, permeability index), magnesium hazard and Kelly index were calculated. The most abundant cations were Na+ and Ca2+, which accounted for 43% and 36% of total cations, respectively. Based on median value, the cations are in the following order: Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+. There are no dangers in any of the 22 villages (85%). They have fluoride levels which are less than the maximum desirable limit of 1.0 mg/L established by IS: 10500, 2012. There were 15 villages (58%) with nitrate concentrations less than the limit (45 mg/L) and 11 villages (42%) with nitrate concentrations greater than the limit. The conductivity of groundwater samples was dominated by the ions EC-TDS (r = 1.0), EC-Na (r = 0.93) and EC-HCO3 (r = 0.84). The natural origin of the ions was revealed by the Na-Cl correlation coefficient (r = 0.82). TDS and Na correlated positively (r = 0.93). Wilcox classified that 4% of the ground water samples as excellent to good, 19% as good to permissible, more than 19% as doubtful to unsuitable and 58% as unsuitable for irrigation. According to the US salinity diagram,% of the samples fall into the C3–S1 water class, indicating water with a high salinity hazard and a low sodium hazard.

Keywords

Groundwater Drinking water Residual sodium carbonate Irrigation water Kelly index Permeability index Gurugram
Laxmi, V., Hussain, J., Husain, I., & Gambhir, G. (2022). Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Drinking and Irrigation Use in Gurugram Block of Gurugram District, Haryana, India. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 34(6), 1555–1564. https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2022.23779
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. N. Adimalla, P. Li and H. Qian, Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess., 25, 1107 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1460579
  2. N. Adimalla, R. Dhakate, A. Kasarla and A.K. Taloor, Groundw. Sustain. Dev., 10, 100334 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100334
  3. J. Margat and J. van der Gun, Groundwater Around the World A Geographic Synopsis, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group (2013).
  4. A.A. Ako, J. Shimada, T. Hosono, K. Ichiyanagi, J.E. Nkeng, W.Y. Fantong, G.E.T. Eyong and N.N. Roger, Environ. Geochem. Health, 33, 559 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-010-9371-1
  5. J. Wu and Z. Sun, Expo. Health, 8, 311 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-015-0170-x
  6. H. Soleimani, A. Abbasnia, M. Youse, A.A. Mohammadi and F.C. Khorasgani, Data Brief, 17, 148 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.12.061
  7. M.K. Upadhyay, A. Majumdar, A. Barla, S. Bose and S. Srivastava Environ. Geochem. Health, 41, 2381 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00289-4
  8. S. Wang, Environ. Monit. Assess., 185, 7469 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3113-7
  9. O.C. Akakuru and B.E.B. Akudinobi, Int. J. Appl. Nat. Sci., 7, 1 (2018).
  10. Y. Park, Y. Kim, S.-K. Park, W.-J. Shin and K.-S. Lee, Sci. Total Environ., 630, 859 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.113
  11. S. Gaikwad, S. Gaikwad, D. Meshram, V. Wagh, A. Kandekar and A. Kadam, Environ. Dev. Sustain., 22, 2591 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00312-9
  12. V.K. Singh, Ramprakash, Rajpaul, Kumar S, Singh K, Satyavan, J. Soil Salinity Water Qual., 9, 241 (2017).
  13. N. Idrees, B. Tabassum, E.F. Abd-Allah, A. Hashem, R. Sarah and M. Hashim, Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 25, 1365 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.07.005
  14. A. Kumar, Bharti, S.K. Malyan, S.S. Kumar, D. Dutt and V. Kumar, Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol., 20, 101213 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101213
  15. K.N. Rao and P.S. Latha, Arab. J. Geosci., 12, 267 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-019-4440-y
  16. S.M. Deshpande and R.K. Aher, Bullet. Pure Appl. Sci., 38f, 104 (2019); https://doi.org/10.5958/2320-3234.2019.00007.6
  17. S.M. Deshpande and K.R. Aher, Res. J. Chem. Sci., 2, 25 (2012).
  18. P. Ravikumar, R.K. Somashekar and M. Angami, Environ. Monit. Assess., 173, 459 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1399-2
  19. M. Jampani, S. Huelsmann, R. Liedl, S. Sonkamble, S. Ahmed and P. Amerasinghe, Sci. Total Environ., 636, 1089 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.347
  20. S.V. Sarath Prasanth, N.S. Magesh, K.V. Jitheshlal, N. Chandrasekar and K. Gangadhar, Appl. Water Sci., 2, 165 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-012-0042-5
  21. N. Aghazadeh and A.A. Mogaddam, J. Environ. Prot., 1, 30 (2010); https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2010.11005
  22. J.M. Ishaku, A.S. Ahmed and M.A. Abubakar, J. Earth Sci. Geotech. Eng., 1, 35 (2011).
  23. M. Salifu, F. Aidoo, M.S. Hayford, D. Adomako and E. Asare, Appl. Water Sci., 7, 653 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0277-z
  24. P. Xu, W. Feng, H. Qian and Q. Zhang, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16, 1492 (2019); https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091492
  25. APHA, AWWA, WPCF, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, Ed. 23, (2017).
  26. L.A. Richards, Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. Agricultural Handbook 60, USDA and IBH Publishing Co. Ltd.: New Delhi, India, pp 98–99 (1954).
  27. L.V. Wilcox, Circular, 19 (1955).
  28. D.K. Todd, Groundwater Hydrology, Wiley: New York, p. 535 (1959).
  29. World Health Organization, Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, WHO: Geneva, (4th ed. incorporating the first addendum) (2017).
  30. World Health Organization (WHO), Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Recommendations, WHO: Geneva, vol. 1 (2004).
  31. IS:10500, Bureau of Indian Standards, Indian Standard Specification for Drinking Water, Manak Bhawan: New Delhi, India (2012).
  32. S. Sharma and R.C. Chhipa, Glob. J. Environ. Sci. Manage, 2, 79 (2016).
  33. M. Arif, I. Hussain, J. Hussain, S. Sharma and S. Kumar, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 88, 870 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-012-0572-4
  34. US Salinity Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Handbook, p. 160 (1954).
  35. G. Fipps, Irrigation Water Quality Standards and Salinity Management Strategies. Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, USA (2003).
  36. H. Schoeller, Geochemistry of Groundwater. In: Groundwater StudiesAn International Guide for Research and Practice, UNESCO, Paris Chap. 15, pp. 1-18 (1977)
  37. M.E. Soltan, Environ. Monit. Assess., 57, 157 (1999); https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005948930316
  38. M.E. Soltan, Chemosphere, 37, 735 (1998); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00079-4
  39. S.M.K. Saleh, S.H.G. Al-Alaiy, B.I. Abdul-Razzak and G.S.H. Nasher, J. Sci. Eng. Res., 4, 10 (2017).
  40. F.M. Eaton, Soil Sci., 69, 123 (1950); https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-195002000-00004
  41. L.D. Doneen, Notes on Water Quality in Agriculture, Water Science and Engineering Paper 4001, Department of Water Sciences and Engineering, University of California, California (1964).
  42. N. Rao, P.S. Rao, G.V. Reddy, M. Nagamani, G. Vidyasagar and N.L.V.V. Satyanarayana, Environ. Monit. Assess., 184, 5189 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2333-y
  43. I. Szaboles and C. Darab, The Influence of Irrigation Water of High Sodium Carbonate Content of Soils, In: Proceedings of 8th International Congress of ISSS, Trans, II, pp. 803-812 (1964).
  44. K.V. Paliwal, Irrigation with Saline Water, Monogram no. 2, New Series New Delhi. IARI, p. 198 (1972).
  45. H.M. Ragunath, Groundwater, Wiley Eastern Ltd.: New Delhi, pp. 563 (1987).
  46. W.P. Kelly, Proceedings of ASCF, 66, 607 (1940).
  47. W.P. Kelly, Alkali Soils-their Formation, Properties and Reclamation, Reinhold: New York (1951).
  48. R.J. Gibbs, Science, 170, 1088 (1970); https://doi.org/10.1126/science.170.3962.1088
Read More
Author biographies is not available.
Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 4 Download : 2