Issue

Vol. 37 No. 11 (2025): Vol 37 Issue 11, 2025

Copyright (c) 2025 Monika Dhanda Monika Dhanda

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Optimizing Metal Doping in g-C3N4: A Comprehensive Study of Palladium and Silver Nanocomposites for Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance

https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2025.34429
Monika Dhanda
Department of Chemistry, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal-131039, India
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4989-2102

Corresponding Author(s) : Monika Dhanda

monikadhanda05@gmail.com

Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 37 No. 11 (2025): Vol 37 Issue 11, 2025

Abstract

This study extends previous work on Pd- and Ag-doped graphitic carbon nitride for advanced supercapacitor applications. Pure graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4, GCN) was synthesized via thermal polymerization, while metal doping was achieved by varying precursor concentrations. Comprehensive structural and morphological characterization was conducted using XRD, FT-IR and TEM. Enhanced electrochemical analyses cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed to assess charge transport and storage behaviour. Among all samples, PC9 (9 mmol Pd-doped GCN) exhibited the highest specific capacitance (401.1 F/g at 10 mV/s) and the lowest charge transfer resistance (Rct = 1.10 Ω), indicating excellent redox activity and conductivity. In contrast, GCN–0.9Ag showed comparatively lower performance (195.3 F/g, Rct = 19 Ω). The study confirms that optimal doping enhances electrochemical behaviour, while excess metal induces agglomeration and reduces efficiency. The optical properties of PC9 sample were also systematically investigated, reinforcing its potential as a multifunctional, high-performance electrode material for next-generation energy storage applications.

Keywords

Graphitic carbon nitride Cyclic voltammetry Galvanostatic charge-discharge Specific capacitance
(1)
Dhanda, M. Optimizing Metal Doping in G-C3N4: A Comprehensive Study of Palladium and Silver Nanocomposites for Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance. ajc 2025, 37, 2745-2752.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. M. Dhanda, R. Arora, M. Saini, S.P. Nehra and S. Lata, New J. Chem., 46, 14215 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1039/D2NJ02401B
  2. M. Dhanda, S.P. Nehra and S. Lata, Synth. Met., 286, 117046 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2022.117046
  3. Z. Lin, E. Goikolea, A. Balducci, K. Naoi, P.L. Taberna, M. Salanne, G. Yushin and P. Simon, Mater. Today, 21, 419 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2018.01.035
  4. Q. Xue, J. Sun, Y. Huang, M. Zhu, Z. Pei, H. Li, Y. Wang, N. Li, H. Zhang, and C. Zhi, Small, 13, 1701877 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201701827
  5. J. Kowal, E. Avaroglu, F. Chamekh, A. Šenfelds, T. Thien, D. Wijaya and D.U. Sauer, J. Power Sources, 196, 573 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.12.028
  6. M. Yadav, M. Dhanda, R. Arora, R. Jagdish, G. Singh and S. Lata, New J. Chem., 46, 12783 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1039/D2NJ01892F
  7. M. Yadav, G. Singh and S. Lata, J. Solid State Electrochem., 26, 2153 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-022-05216-9
  8. Meenu, P. Kumar and B.S. Dehiya, J. Nanosci. Technol., 5, 584 (2019); https://doi.org/10.30799/jnst.195.19050102
  9. M. Dhanda, R. Arora, S. Ahlawat, S.P. Nehra and S. Lata, J. Energy Storage, 52, 104740 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104740
  10. S. Lee, I.N. Ivanov, J.K. Keum and H.N. Lee, Sci. Rep., 6, 19621 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19621
  11. R.B. Rakhi, D.H. Nagaraju, P. Beaujuge and H.N. Alshareef, Electrochim. Acta, 220, 601 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.10.109
  12. Y. Zheng, J. Liu, J. Liang, M. Jaroniec and S. Z. Qiao, Energy Environ. Sci., 5, 6717 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1039/C2EE03479D
  13. Z. Han, N. Wang, H. Fan and S. Ai, Solid State Sci., 65, 110 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2017.01.010
  14. J. Zhang, Y. Zhao, A.-L. Wu, J. Li and Y.-X. Wang, J. Fuel Chem. Technol., 4, 198 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-5813(21)60010-5
  15. M. Rabia, D. Essam, F.H. Alkallas, M. Shaban, S. Elaissi and A.B.G. Trabelsi, Micromachines, 13, 2234 (2022); https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13122234
  16. C. Harak, V. Kadam, R. Gavhane, S. Balgude, A. Rakshe, S. Uke, N. Brahmankar, D. Satpute, H. Pawar and S. Mardikar, RSC Adv., 14, 4917 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ra08428k
  17. M. Dhanda, S.P. Nehra and S. Lata, Russ. J. Electrochem., 59, 248 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1134/S1023193523030047
  18. M. Dhanda, R. Arora, M. Yadav, S. Ahlawat, S. Dahiya, D.R. Paul, G. Jha, G. Singh, S.P. Nehra and S. Lata, Mater. Sci. Eng. B, 304, 117344 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2024.117344
  19. J. Zhang, L. Chen, Y. Wang, S. Cai, H. Yang, H. Yu, F. Ding, C. Huang and X. Liu, Nanomaterials, 8, 1020 (2018); https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8121020
  20. E. Amichai and N. Kronfeld-Schor, Sci. Rep., 9, 11052 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47544-3
  21. S. Yao, S. Xue, S. Peng, M. Jing, X. Qian, X. Shen, T. Li and Y. Wang, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron., 29, 17921 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-018-9906-2
  22. K. Katsumata, R. Motoyoshi, N. Matsushita and K. Okada, J. Hazard. Mater., 260, 475 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.05.058
  23. A. Kharlamov, M. Bondarenko, G. Kharlamova and N. Gubareni, Diamond Rel. Mater., 66, 16 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2016.03.012
  24. G. Ren, R. Zhang and Z. Fan, Appl. Surf. Sci., 441, 466 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.02.059
  25. R. Basu, S. Ghosh, S. Bera, A. Das and S. Dhara, Sci. Rep., 9, 40225 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40225-1
  26. C. Zhong, Y. Deng, W. Hu, J. Qiao, L. Zhang and J. Zhang, Chem. Soc. Rev., 44, 7484 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CS00303B
  27. J. Ma, X.-Y. Tao, S.-X. Zhou, X.-Z. Song, Lin-Guo, Yao-Wang, Y.-B. Zhu, L.-T. Guo, Z.-S. Liu, H.-L. Fan and X.-Y. Wei, J. Electroanal. Chem., 835, 346 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.12.025
  28. R. Arora, M. Dhanda, M. Yadav, R. Malik, P. Pahuja, S. Ahlawat, V.S. Rao, S.P. Nehra and S. Lata, Solid State Ion., 403, 116402 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2023.116402
  29. M. Dhanda, R. Arora, M. Yadav, P. Pahuja, S. Ahlawat, S.P. Nehra and S. Lata, Mater. Sci. Eng. B, 300, 117055 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2023.117055
  30. M. Yadav, M. Dhanda, R. Arora, S. Ahlawat, G. Singh, K. Nehra, and S. Lata, Mater. Sci. Eng. B, 297, 116719 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2023.116719
  31. M. Manisha, M. Dhanda, R. Arora, A.S. Reddy, S. Lata and A. Sharma, J. Alloys Compd., 955, 169738 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.169738
  32. G. Dong, H. Fan, K. Fu, L. Ma, S. Zhang, M. Zhang, J. Ma and W. Wang, Compos., Part B Eng., 162, 369 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.12.098
  33. Y. Zhou, L. Sun, D. Wu, X. Li, J. Li, P. Huo, H. Wang and Y. Yan, J. Alloys Compd., 817, 152707 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152707
  34. D.P. Ojha, H.P. Karki, J. Song and H.J. Kim, Chem. Phys. Lett., 712, 83 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2018.09.070
  35. S. Sanati and Z. Rezvani, Chem. Eng. J., 362, 743 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.01.081.
  36. S. Sun, L. Guo, X. Chang, Y. Yu and X. Zhai, Mater. Lett., 236, 558 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2018.11.001
  37. X. Chen, X. Zhu, Y. Xiao and X. Yang, J. Electroanal. Chem., 743, 99 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.02.004
  38. Y. Zhao, L. Xu, S. Huang, J. Bao, J. Qiu, J. Lian, L. Xu, Y. Huang, Y. Xu and H. Li, J. Alloys Compd., 702, 178 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.01.125
  39. C.J. Verma, A.S. Keshari, P. Dubey and R. Prakash, Vacuum, 177, 109363 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2020.109363
  40. B. Palanivel, S. Mudisoodum perumal, T. Maiyalagan, V. Jayarman, C. Ayyappan and M. Alagiri, Appl. Surf. Sci., 498, 143807 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.143807
  41. A.Y. Chen, T.T. Zhang, Y.J. Qiu, D. Wang, P. Wang, H.J. Li, Y. Li, J.H. Yang, X.Y. Wang and X.F. Xie, Electrochim. Acta, 294, 260 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.10.106
  42. D.F. Wang, Y.Z. Wu, X.H. Yan, J.J. Wang, Q. Wang, C. Zhou, X.X. Yuan, J.M. Pan and X.N. Cheng, MRS Commun., 9, 719 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1557/mrc.2019.25
Read More
Author biographies is not available.
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC
Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 120 Download : 80
PlumX