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Characterization of Polymer Powders and Effects of Powder Reuse in Selective Laser Sintering
Corresponding Author(s) : H. Chiririwa
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 33 No. 3 (2021): Vol 33 Issue 3
Abstract
Selective laser sintering (SLS) had been recognized as production expertise (additive manufacturing). The complication restricting the use of SLS in additive manufacturing in an extensive range of industrial scope is the limited selection of usable polymers as it is only limited to polyamide 12. Other polymeric materials such as polypropylene and polyethylene are needed to establish pristine market avenues in industry. In selective laser sintering, the powder is reused in consecutive cycles of the route for the reason that it is sustainable and cost effective. Characterization procedures, including the many available techniques has been proposed to determine changes in chemical microstructures, morphology along with flowability. Subtle disimilarities linking virgin and used powder have been identified through characterization.
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- M. Touri, F. Kabirian, M. Saadati, S. Ramakrishna and M. Mozafari,Adv. Eng. Mater., 21, 1800511 (2019);https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201800511
- S. Berretta, K.E. Evans and O.R. Ghita, Mater. Des., 105, 301 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.04.097
- C.A. Chatham, T.E. Long, C.B. Williams, Progr. Polym. Sci., 93, 68 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.03.003
- L. Cordova, M. Campos and T. Tinga, JOM, 71, 1062 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-018-3305-2
- W.S.W. Harun, M.S.I.N. Kamariah, N. Muhamad, S.A.C. Ghani, F. Ahmad and Z. Mohamed, Powder Technol., 327, 128 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2017.12.058
- D. Herzog, V. Seyda, E. Wycisk and C. Emmelmann, Acta Mater., 117, 371 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.07.019
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- R.D. Goodridge, C.J. Tuck and R.J.M. Hague, Prog. Mater. Sci., 57, 229 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.04.001
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- J.R.C. Dizon, A.H. Espera Jr., Q. Chen and R.C. Advincula, Addit.Manufact., 20, 44 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2017.12.002
- C.M. González-Henríquez, M.A. Sarabia-Vallejos and J. RodriguezHernandez, Progress Polym. Sci., 94, 57 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.03.001
- R. Goodridge, S. Ziegelmeier, Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials, pp 181-204 (2017).
- EOS, EOSINT P 100 manual.
- A.F.A. Becker, Ph.D. Thesis, Characterization and Prediction of SLS Processability of Polymer Powders with respect to Powder Flow and Part Warpage, pp. 21 (2016).
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- C.P. Ennis and R.I. Kaiser, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 12, 14884 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1039/c0cp00493f
- Y.P. Khanna and W.P. Kuhn, J. Polym. Sci., 35, 2219 (1997); https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(199710)35:14<2219::AIDPOLB3>3.0.CO;2-R
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- N.J. Hameed Al-Mashhadan and S. Mohamad, Eng. Tech. J., 29, 20 (2011).
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M. Touri, F. Kabirian, M. Saadati, S. Ramakrishna and M. Mozafari,Adv. Eng. Mater., 21, 1800511 (2019);https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201800511
S. Berretta, K.E. Evans and O.R. Ghita, Mater. Des., 105, 301 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.04.097
C.A. Chatham, T.E. Long, C.B. Williams, Progr. Polym. Sci., 93, 68 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.03.003
L. Cordova, M. Campos and T. Tinga, JOM, 71, 1062 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-018-3305-2
W.S.W. Harun, M.S.I.N. Kamariah, N. Muhamad, S.A.C. Ghani, F. Ahmad and Z. Mohamed, Powder Technol., 327, 128 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2017.12.058
D. Herzog, V. Seyda, E. Wycisk and C. Emmelmann, Acta Mater., 117, 371 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.07.019
N. Hopkinson, R.J.M. Hague and P.M. Dickens, Rapid Manufacturing: An Industrial Revolution for the Digital Age, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: Chichester, England, pp 285 (2006).
R.D. Goodridge, C.J. Tuck and R.J.M. Hague, Prog. Mater. Sci., 57, 229 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.04.001
N. Lammens, M. Kersemans, I. De Baere and W. Van Paepegem, Polymer Testing, 57, 149 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2016.11.032
J.R.C. Dizon, A.H. Espera Jr., Q. Chen and R.C. Advincula, Addit.Manufact., 20, 44 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2017.12.002
C.M. González-Henríquez, M.A. Sarabia-Vallejos and J. RodriguezHernandez, Progress Polym. Sci., 94, 57 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.03.001
R. Goodridge, S. Ziegelmeier, Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials, pp 181-204 (2017).
EOS, EOSINT P 100 manual.
A.F.A. Becker, Ph.D. Thesis, Characterization and Prediction of SLS Processability of Polymer Powders with respect to Powder Flow and Part Warpage, pp. 21 (2016).
L. Verbelen, S. Dadbakhsh, M. Van den Eynde, J.P. Kruth, B. Goderis and P. Van Puyvelde, Eur. Polym. J., 75, 163 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.12.014
J.P. Kruth, X. Wang, T. Laoui and L. Froyen, Rapid Prototyping J., 23, 357 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1108/01445150310698652
EOS. http://www.eos.info/en/home.html
BS ISO/ASTM 52900:2015, Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing-General Principles-Terminology (BSI Standards Limited: London (2016).
EOS. PA 2200 material datasheet.
A. Mahmud, Ph.D. Thesis, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (2009).
E. Mangano, Understanding Melt Flow Testing and Its Importance (2014).
Ismayil, V. Ravindrachary, R.F. Bhajantri, S.D. Praveena, B. Poojary, D. Dutta and P.K. Pujari, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 95, 1083 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.02.031
C.P. Ennis and R.I. Kaiser, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 12, 14902 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1039/c0cp01130d
P. Tiwari, A.K. Srivastava, B.Q. Khattak, S. Verma, A. Upadhyay, A.K. Sinha, T. Ganguli, G.S. Lodha and S.K. Deb, Measurement, 51, 1 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2014.01.017
C.P. Ennis and R.I. Kaiser, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 12, 14884 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1039/c0cp00493f
Y.P. Khanna and W.P. Kuhn, J. Polym. Sci., 35, 2219 (1997); https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(199710)35:14<2219::AIDPOLB3>3.0.CO;2-R
R. Hussain and D. Mohammad, Turk. J. Chem., 28, 725 (2004).
N.J. Hameed Al-Mashhadan and S. Mohamad, Eng. Tech. J., 29, 20 (2011).
Q. Xia, X.J. Zhao, S.J. Chen, W.Z. Ma, J. Zhang and X.L. Wang, Express Polym. Lett., 4, 284 (2010); https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2010.36
A. Ahmad, M.Y.A. Rahman and H. Hamzah, Open Mater. Sci. J., 5, 170 (2011); https://doi.org/10.2174/1874088X01105010170
K.S. Choi, M. Omar, X. Bi and J.R. Grace, J. Loss Preven. Process Ind., 23, 594 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2010.05.007
L. Zhang, X. Bi and J.R. Grace, Procedia Eng., 102, 295 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.01.146
N. Hesse, M. Dechet, J. Bonilla, C. Lübbert, S. Roth, A. Bück, J. Schmidt and W. Peukert, Polymers, 11, 609 (2019); https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11040609
K. Dotchev and W. Yusoff, Rapid Prototyping J., 15, 192 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1108/13552540910960299
C. Mielicki, B. Gronhoff and J. Wortberg, In Proceedings of the PPS-29: The 29th International Conference of the Polymer Processing Society— Conference Papers, Nuremberg, Germany, 15–19 July 2013; American Institute of Physics: College Park, MD, USA, pp. 728–731 (2014).
H.A. Barnes, J.F. Hutton and K.W. Walters, An Introduction to Rheology, Elsevier (1998).
R. Martin, A. Crispin and D. Angela, Multi-Rate and Extensional Flow Measurements using the Melt Flow Rate Instrument: Measurement Good Practice Guide, National Physical Laboratory (2001).
J. Martin, Materials for Engineering, Woodhead Publishing in Materials, edn 3, pp l59-184 (2006).
T.J. Gornet, CAD/CAM Publishing, pp 1-3 (2002).
T.J. Gornet, Proceedings of Solid Freeform Fabrication, Austin, Texas, pp 546-553 (2002).
D.T. Pham, K.D. Dotchev and W.A.Y. Yusoff, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng.,C J. Mech. Eng. Sci., 222, 2163 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1243/09544062JMES839