Copyright (c) 2020 AJC
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Synthesis, Characterization and Anti-inflammatory Activity of 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(di(5-substituted-1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)-6-(4-substituted phenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles
Corresponding Author(s) : Shankar Jayarama
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 32 No. 10 (2020): Vol 32 Issue 10
Abstract
In present study, the anti-inflammatory potential of a series of 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(di(5-substituted-1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)-6-(4-substituted phenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles (5a-e) were evuluated after characterizing through 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectral studies. Initial toxicity and anti-inflammatory efficacy of synthesized compounds is evaluated against RAW264.7 macrophages cell line to derive at their IC50 values. Compounds 5a-e are further tested for their anti-inflammatory activity in Swiss albino rats using the 1% carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Compound 5a is taken as the lead compound and is further considered for behavioural evaluations such as stair climbing and motility exercises. Paw edema is analyzed at time intervals of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 24 h and stair climbing and motility tests are surveyed after 24 h of exposure to the test compound. The results of present study show that the compound 5a significantly reduces the paw thickness by 68% at p < 0.001 and increased the stair climbing (1.5 folds) and motility (1.6 folds) when compared to the 1% carrageenan rat group. Conclusively the results of present study show that compound 5a exhibits strong anti-inflammatory potential that can be used as a preclinical template for further investigations as an alternative therapy to the current NSAIDs.
Keywords
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- D. Mehta and D. Bhargava, Apollo Med., 7, 251 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0976-0016(12)60018-0
- M.P. Seed, Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs, 5, 1617 (1996); https://doi.org/10.1517/13543784.5.12.1617
- P. Rao and E.E. Knaus, J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 11, 81 (2008); https://doi.org/10.18433/J3T886
- S. Amdekar, P. Roy, V. Singh, A. Kumar, R. Singh and P. Sharma, Int. J. Inflamm., 2012, 752015 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/752015
- A.W. Schüttelkopf, L. Gros, D.E. Blair, J.A. Frearson, D.M.F. van Aalten and I.H. Gilbert, Bioorg. Med. Chem., 18, 8334 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2010.09.062
- A.L. Wills, P. Montagazza and E.W. Horton, Academic Press: London, UK, pp 31-48 (1969).
- H.P. Huemer, Mediat. Inflammation, 2015, 349176 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/349176
- B.A. Bhongade, S. Talath, R.A. Gadad and A.K. Gadad, J. Saudi Chem. Soc., 20, S463 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2013.01.010
- H. Patel, A. Shirkhedkar, S. Bari, K. Patil, A. Arambhi, C. Pardeshi, A. Kulkarni and S. Surana, Bull. Fac. Pharm. Cairo Univ., 56, 83 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bfopcu.2018.03.001
- J. Ramprasad, N. Nayak, U. Dalimba, P. Yogeeswari, D. Sriram, R. Achur, S.K. Peethambar, and H.S.S. Kumar, Eur. J. Med. Chem., 95, 49 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.03.024
- G. Tu, S. Li, H. Huang, G. Li, F. Xiong, X. Mai, H. Zhu, B. Kuang and W.F. Xu, Bioorg. Med. Chem., 16, 6663 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.081
- S.S. Karki, K. Panjamurthya, S. Kumar, M. Nambiar, S.A. Ramareddy, K.K. Chiruvella and S.C. Raghavan, Eur. J. Med. Chem., 46, 2109 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.02.064
- J.E. Appleton, K.N. Dack, A.D. Green and J. Steele, Tetrahedron Lett., 34, 1529 (1993); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(00)60337-4
- B.P. Bandgar and K.A. Shaikh, Tetrahedron Lett., 44, 1959 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(03)00032-7
- C.G. Wermuth, MedChemComm, 2, 935 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1039/C1MD00074H
- D. Iyer, S.V. Vartak, A. Mishra, G. Goldsmith, S. Kumar, M. Srivastava, M. Hegde, V. Gopalakrishnan, M. Glenn, M. Velusamy, B. Choudhary, N. Kalakonda, S.S. Karki, A. Surolia and S.C. Raghavan, FEBS J., 283, 3408 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.13815
- A. Cristina, D. Leonte, L. Vlase, L. Bencze, S. Imre, G. Marc, B. Apan, C. Mogosan and V. Zaharia, Molecules, 23, 2425 (2018); https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102425
- B. Antonsson, F. Conti, A. Ciavatta, S. Montessuit, S. Lewis, I. Martinou, L. Bernasconi, A. Bernard, J.J. Mermod, G. Mazzei and K. Maundrell, Science, 277, 370 (1997); https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5324.370
- O.O. Adeyemi, S.O. Okpo and O.O. Ogunti, Fitoterapia, 73, 375 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(02)00118-1
- M. De Castro Costa, P. De Sutter, J. Gybels and J. Van Hees, Pain, 10, 173 (1981); https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(81)90193-7
- Y. Wang, C. Huang, Y. Cao and J.S. Han, Life Sci., 67, 261 (2000); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00625-1
References
D. Mehta and D. Bhargava, Apollo Med., 7, 251 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0976-0016(12)60018-0
M.P. Seed, Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs, 5, 1617 (1996); https://doi.org/10.1517/13543784.5.12.1617
P. Rao and E.E. Knaus, J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 11, 81 (2008); https://doi.org/10.18433/J3T886
S. Amdekar, P. Roy, V. Singh, A. Kumar, R. Singh and P. Sharma, Int. J. Inflamm., 2012, 752015 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/752015
A.W. Schüttelkopf, L. Gros, D.E. Blair, J.A. Frearson, D.M.F. van Aalten and I.H. Gilbert, Bioorg. Med. Chem., 18, 8334 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2010.09.062
A.L. Wills, P. Montagazza and E.W. Horton, Academic Press: London, UK, pp 31-48 (1969).
H.P. Huemer, Mediat. Inflammation, 2015, 349176 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/349176
B.A. Bhongade, S. Talath, R.A. Gadad and A.K. Gadad, J. Saudi Chem. Soc., 20, S463 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2013.01.010
H. Patel, A. Shirkhedkar, S. Bari, K. Patil, A. Arambhi, C. Pardeshi, A. Kulkarni and S. Surana, Bull. Fac. Pharm. Cairo Univ., 56, 83 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bfopcu.2018.03.001
J. Ramprasad, N. Nayak, U. Dalimba, P. Yogeeswari, D. Sriram, R. Achur, S.K. Peethambar, and H.S.S. Kumar, Eur. J. Med. Chem., 95, 49 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.03.024
G. Tu, S. Li, H. Huang, G. Li, F. Xiong, X. Mai, H. Zhu, B. Kuang and W.F. Xu, Bioorg. Med. Chem., 16, 6663 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.081
S.S. Karki, K. Panjamurthya, S. Kumar, M. Nambiar, S.A. Ramareddy, K.K. Chiruvella and S.C. Raghavan, Eur. J. Med. Chem., 46, 2109 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.02.064
J.E. Appleton, K.N. Dack, A.D. Green and J. Steele, Tetrahedron Lett., 34, 1529 (1993); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(00)60337-4
B.P. Bandgar and K.A. Shaikh, Tetrahedron Lett., 44, 1959 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(03)00032-7
C.G. Wermuth, MedChemComm, 2, 935 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1039/C1MD00074H
D. Iyer, S.V. Vartak, A. Mishra, G. Goldsmith, S. Kumar, M. Srivastava, M. Hegde, V. Gopalakrishnan, M. Glenn, M. Velusamy, B. Choudhary, N. Kalakonda, S.S. Karki, A. Surolia and S.C. Raghavan, FEBS J., 283, 3408 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.13815
A. Cristina, D. Leonte, L. Vlase, L. Bencze, S. Imre, G. Marc, B. Apan, C. Mogosan and V. Zaharia, Molecules, 23, 2425 (2018); https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102425
B. Antonsson, F. Conti, A. Ciavatta, S. Montessuit, S. Lewis, I. Martinou, L. Bernasconi, A. Bernard, J.J. Mermod, G. Mazzei and K. Maundrell, Science, 277, 370 (1997); https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5324.370
O.O. Adeyemi, S.O. Okpo and O.O. Ogunti, Fitoterapia, 73, 375 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(02)00118-1
M. De Castro Costa, P. De Sutter, J. Gybels and J. Van Hees, Pain, 10, 173 (1981); https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(81)90193-7
Y. Wang, C. Huang, Y. Cao and J.S. Han, Life Sci., 67, 261 (2000); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00625-1