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Distribution of Nutrients in Kelantan River Basin, Malaysia
Corresponding Author(s) : Y.Y. Hee
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 31 No. 11 (2019): Vol 31 Issue 11
Abstract
This study aims to assess the influences of land use on nutrient concentrations in Kelantan river basin (southern South China Sea), in addition to the effects of monsoon seasons on nutrient concentrations. The dissolved inorganic and organic nutrients in this river were demonstrated to be related to land use during the study period. The middle and lower reaches of the river, which are surrounded by urban areas with high population densities, have enhanced levels of both dissolved inorganic and organic nutrients. Increased rainfall decreased most of the nutrient concentrations in Kelantan river basin, probably due to the dilution effect. According to The Malaysia National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) classification, the mean concentrations of dissolved inorganic phosphorus, nitrite and nitrate in Kelantan river basin fell into Class 1, which is considered at natural levels in the water column.
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- L. Talaue-McManus, Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis for the South China Sea; EAS/RCU Technical Report Series No. 14. Bangkok: UNEP. pp 105 (2000).
- N.A. Adnan and P.M. Atkinson, Int. J. Climatol., 31, 815 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2112.
- DOS (Department of Statistic), In: Statistic handbook Malaysia 2011. Department of Statistic, Malaysia, pp 79 (2012).
- BMGN (The Land Use Information Division), The Landuse Report 2012; Kuala Lumpur: GMGN. 48pp. (2012).
- J.H. Abdulkareem and W.N.A., Sulaiman, J. Teknol., 78, 115 (2016).
- S. Suratman, N.M. Tahir, L.C. Yeow and S.R.A. Rashid, Malays. J. Anal. Sci., 10, 143 (2006).
- Y.Y. Hee, S. Suratman, N.M. Tahir and T. Jickells, Sains Malays., 47, 883 (2018); https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4705-03.
- S. Suratman, Y.Y. Hee and N.M. Tahir, J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 13, 8838 (2018).
- M. Selman, S. Greenhalgh, R. Diaz and Z. Sugg, Eutroph. Hypoxia, 1, 1 (2008).
- H.J. Qu and C. Kroeze, Sci. Total Environ., 408, 2075 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.12.015.
- B. Grizzetti, F. Bouraoui, G. Billen, H. van Grinsven, A.C. Cardoso, V. Thieu, J. Garnier, C. Curtis, R. Howarth and P. Johnes, The European Nitrogen Assessment, Cambridge University Press: U.K., pp 612 (2011).
- DOE, Malaysia Environmental Quality Report 2010. Department of Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia. pp. 78 (2011).
- DID (Department of Irrigation and Drainage), In: Water Resources Publication No. 21. Malaysia, pp 88 (2009).
- A.R. MatAmin, F. Ahmad, M. Mamat, M. Rivaie and K. Abdullah, Ecol. Quest., 16, 99 (2012); https://doi.org/10.12775/v10090-012-0010-6.
- T.P.R.S. Hussain and H. Ismail, World Appl. Sci. J., 28, 1989 (2013).
- K. Grasshoff, M. Ehrhardt and K. Kremling, Determination of Nutrients, In: Methods of Seawater Analysis, Verlag Chemie: Florida, edn 2, pp 419 (1983).
- H.P. Hansen and F. Koroleff, Methods of Seawater Analysis, WileyVCH: New York, pp 600 (1999).
- S. Suratman, Y.Y. Hee and N.M. Tahir, Asian J. Chem., 26, 2047 (2014); https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2014.15644.
- M.I. Mohd Sailan, Y.Y. Hee, E.A. Bedurus and M.T. Latif, Sains Malays., 44, 67 (2015); https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2015-4401-10.
- D.O. Hessen, Adv. Ecol. Res, 29, 1 (1999); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60190-7.
- Z. Shen, Q. Lin, S. Zhang, H. Miao and P. Zhang, Ambio, 32, 334 (2003).
- L.S. Hoo, A. Samat and M.R. Othman, Malays. J. Anal. Sci., 7, 157 (2001).
- J. Némery, J. Garnier and C. Morel, Biogeochemistry, 72, 35 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-004-0078-1.
- C. Liu, C. Kroeze, A.Y. Hoekstra and W. Gerbens-Leenes, Ecol. Indic., 18, 42 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.10.005.
- B.A. Pellerin, S.S. Kaushal and W.H. McDowell, Ecosystems (N. Y.), 9, 852 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-006-0076-3.
- S. Rostami, J. He and Q.K. Hassan, Environ., 5, 1 (2018); https://doi.org/10.3934/environsci.2018.1.1.
- T.-Y. Ling, C.-L. Soo, J.-J. Liew, L. Nyanti, S.-F. Sim and J. Grinang, Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 26, 2053 (2017); https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/69439.
- E.Z. Zainudin, Benchmarking River Water Quality in Malaysia (2010); http://irep.iium.edu.my/2954/1/Feature-BenchmarkingRiverWater 3pp.pdf. Accessed in February 2019.
- Y.F. Huang, S.Y. Ang, K.M. Lee and T.S. Lee, Quality of Water Resources in Malaysia (2015); https://www.intechopen.com/books/research-and-practices-in-waterquality/quality-of-water-resources-in-malaysia. Accessed in February 2019.
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References
L. Talaue-McManus, Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis for the South China Sea; EAS/RCU Technical Report Series No. 14. Bangkok: UNEP. pp 105 (2000).
N.A. Adnan and P.M. Atkinson, Int. J. Climatol., 31, 815 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2112.
DOS (Department of Statistic), In: Statistic handbook Malaysia 2011. Department of Statistic, Malaysia, pp 79 (2012).
BMGN (The Land Use Information Division), The Landuse Report 2012; Kuala Lumpur: GMGN. 48pp. (2012).
J.H. Abdulkareem and W.N.A., Sulaiman, J. Teknol., 78, 115 (2016).
S. Suratman, N.M. Tahir, L.C. Yeow and S.R.A. Rashid, Malays. J. Anal. Sci., 10, 143 (2006).
Y.Y. Hee, S. Suratman, N.M. Tahir and T. Jickells, Sains Malays., 47, 883 (2018); https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4705-03.
S. Suratman, Y.Y. Hee and N.M. Tahir, J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 13, 8838 (2018).
M. Selman, S. Greenhalgh, R. Diaz and Z. Sugg, Eutroph. Hypoxia, 1, 1 (2008).
H.J. Qu and C. Kroeze, Sci. Total Environ., 408, 2075 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.12.015.
B. Grizzetti, F. Bouraoui, G. Billen, H. van Grinsven, A.C. Cardoso, V. Thieu, J. Garnier, C. Curtis, R. Howarth and P. Johnes, The European Nitrogen Assessment, Cambridge University Press: U.K., pp 612 (2011).
DOE, Malaysia Environmental Quality Report 2010. Department of Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia. pp. 78 (2011).
DID (Department of Irrigation and Drainage), In: Water Resources Publication No. 21. Malaysia, pp 88 (2009).
A.R. MatAmin, F. Ahmad, M. Mamat, M. Rivaie and K. Abdullah, Ecol. Quest., 16, 99 (2012); https://doi.org/10.12775/v10090-012-0010-6.
T.P.R.S. Hussain and H. Ismail, World Appl. Sci. J., 28, 1989 (2013).
K. Grasshoff, M. Ehrhardt and K. Kremling, Determination of Nutrients, In: Methods of Seawater Analysis, Verlag Chemie: Florida, edn 2, pp 419 (1983).
H.P. Hansen and F. Koroleff, Methods of Seawater Analysis, WileyVCH: New York, pp 600 (1999).
S. Suratman, Y.Y. Hee and N.M. Tahir, Asian J. Chem., 26, 2047 (2014); https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2014.15644.
M.I. Mohd Sailan, Y.Y. Hee, E.A. Bedurus and M.T. Latif, Sains Malays., 44, 67 (2015); https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2015-4401-10.
D.O. Hessen, Adv. Ecol. Res, 29, 1 (1999); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60190-7.
Z. Shen, Q. Lin, S. Zhang, H. Miao and P. Zhang, Ambio, 32, 334 (2003).
L.S. Hoo, A. Samat and M.R. Othman, Malays. J. Anal. Sci., 7, 157 (2001).
J. Némery, J. Garnier and C. Morel, Biogeochemistry, 72, 35 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-004-0078-1.
C. Liu, C. Kroeze, A.Y. Hoekstra and W. Gerbens-Leenes, Ecol. Indic., 18, 42 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.10.005.
B.A. Pellerin, S.S. Kaushal and W.H. McDowell, Ecosystems (N. Y.), 9, 852 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-006-0076-3.
S. Rostami, J. He and Q.K. Hassan, Environ., 5, 1 (2018); https://doi.org/10.3934/environsci.2018.1.1.
T.-Y. Ling, C.-L. Soo, J.-J. Liew, L. Nyanti, S.-F. Sim and J. Grinang, Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 26, 2053 (2017); https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/69439.
E.Z. Zainudin, Benchmarking River Water Quality in Malaysia (2010); http://irep.iium.edu.my/2954/1/Feature-BenchmarkingRiverWater 3pp.pdf. Accessed in February 2019.
Y.F. Huang, S.Y. Ang, K.M. Lee and T.S. Lee, Quality of Water Resources in Malaysia (2015); https://www.intechopen.com/books/research-and-practices-in-waterquality/quality-of-water-resources-in-malaysia. Accessed in February 2019.
I. Naubi, N.H.M. Zardari, S.M. Shirazi, N.F.B. Ibrahim and L. Baloo, Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 25, 231 (2016); https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/60109.