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Evaluation of Corrosivity of Soil Collected from Central Part of Kathmandu Metropolis (Nepal) to Water Supply Metallic Pipes
Corresponding Author(s) : Kumar Prasad Dahal
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 30 No. 7 (2018): Vol 30 Issue 7
Abstract
Corrosive nature of 56 soil samples collected from central parts of Kathmandu metropolis were analyzed using ASTM standards to evaluate their corrosivity towards the water supply underground galvanized-steel and cast iron pipes. Moisture content of 9.7-58.0 %, 3.0-8.2 pH, 1150-27780 Ohm.cm resistivity, 158-537 mV (saturated hydrogen electrode) oxidation-reduction potential, 13-199 ppm chloride and 30-476 ppm sulfate contents in the collected samples were reported in this study. Results indicated that most of the collected soil samples used in this study is found to be in the range of mildly corrosive to less corrosive nature to the underground galvanized-steel and cast iron pipes. The use of low-cost and easily available materials like gravel and sand around such underground pipes, before burying them in the areas seems to be effective and sufficient to control corrosion of the pipes and to increase their life time in soil of urban areas of Kathmandu metropolis of Nepal.
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- R.W. Revie and H.H. Uhlig, Corrosion and Corrosion Control: An Introduction to Corrosion Science and Engineering, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New Jersey, edn 4, pp. 490 (2008).
- J. Bhattarai, Frontiers of Corrosion Science, Kshitiz Publication, Kathmandu, Nepal, edn 1, p. 304 (2010).
- M. Norin and T.-G. Vinka, Mater. Corros., 54, 641 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.200303680.
- I.S. Cole and D. Marney, Corros. Sci., 56, 5 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2011.12.001.
- K.H. Logan, Underground Corrosion, In: National Bureau of Standards Circular 450, the United States Department of Commerce, Government printing Office, Washington DC (1945).
- I.A. Denison and M. Romanoff, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 49, 299 (1952); https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.049.031.
- I.A. Denison and M. Romanoff, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 49, 315 (1952); https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.049.032.
- M. Romanoff, Underground Corrosion, In: National Bureau of Standards Circular 579, the United States Department of Commerce, Government Printing Office, Washington DC (1957).
- W.J. Schwerdtfeger, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Std.-C. Eng. Instr., 69C, 71 (1965); https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.069C.012.
- A. Benmoussa, H. Hadjel and M. Traisnel, Mater. Corros., 57, 771 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.200503964.
- R. Akkouche, C. R’emazeilles, M. Jeannin, M. Barbalat, R. Sabot and Ph. Refait, Electrochim. Acta, 213, 698 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.07.163.
- R. Akkouche, C. R’emazeilles, M. Barbalat, R. Sabot, M. Jeannin and Ph. Refait, J. Electrochem. Soc., 164, C626 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0531712jes.
- D. Thierry and W. Sand, ed.: P. Marcus, Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion, In: Corrosion Mechanisms in Theory and Practice, CRC Press, New York, pp. 563 (2002).
- S.Y. Li, Y.G. Kim, K.S. Jeon, Y.T. Kho and T. Kang, Corrosion, 57, 815 (2001); https://doi.org/10.5006/1.3280616.
- S. Arzola, J. Mendoza-Flores, R. Duran-Romero and J. Genesca, Corrosion, 62, 433 (2006); https://doi.org/10.5006/1.3278280.
- T.R. Jack and M.J. Wilmott, ed: R.W. Revie, Corrosion in Soils, In: Uhlig’s Corrosion Handbook, The Electrochemical Society Inc. & Wiley, New Jersey, edn 3, pp. 333-349 (2011).
- T.R. Jack, Biological Corrosion Failures, In: Failure Analysis and Prevention, ASM Handbook, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, vol. 11, pp. 881-898 (2002).
- K.P. Dahal and J. Bhattarai, Study on the Soil Corrosivity Towards the Underground Pipes in Sinamangal-Baneshwor-Maitidevi-Bagbazar Roadway Areas of Kathmandu, Nepal, In: CORCON 2016 Proceedings, Publication of NIGIS/NACE, New Delhi, 2016 September 19-21, Paper No. PP-11, p. 1-8 (2016).
- J. Bhattarai, D. Paudyal and K.P. Dahal, 17th Asian Pacific Corrosion Control Conference (APCCC17) Proceedings, Mumbai, India, Paper No. 17039, p. 1-12 (2016).
- S.K. Regmi, K.P. Dahal and J. Bhattarai, Nepal J. Environ. Sci., 3, 15 (2015).
- K.P. Dahal, D. KC and J. Bhattarai, BIBECHANA, 11, 94 (2014); https://doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v11i0.10387.
- J. Bhattarai, Sci. World, 11, 43 (2013); https://doi.org/10.3126/sw.v11i11.8551.
- M. Gautam and J. Bhattarai, Nepal J. Sci. Technol., 14, 65 (2013); https://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10417.
- J. Bhattarai, Investigation of soil Parameters for their Corrosivity on Buried Galvanized Steel Pipelines used in Kathmandu Valley, Research Report, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology-NAST, Lalitpur, Nepal, pp. 41 (2013).
- ASTM G51-95, Standard Test Method for Measuring pH of Soil for use in Corrosion Testing, In: Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, vol. 03.02 (2012).
- ASTM D4959-07, Standard Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil by Direct Heating, In: Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, vol. 03.02 (2007).
- ASTM G187-05, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Resistivity using Two-Electrode Soil Box Method, In: Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, vol. 03.02 (2005).
- ASTM G200-09, Standard Test Method for Measurement of OxidationReduction Potential (Orp) of Soil, In: Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, vol. 03.02 (2009).
- E. Escalante, eds.: V. Chaker and J.D. Palmer, Effect of Soil Characteristics on Corrosion, In: Concepts of Underground Corrosion, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, p. 81-94 (1989).
- J.D. Palmer, eds.: V. Chaker and J.D. Palmer, Environmental Characteristics Controlling the Soil Corrosion of Ferrous Piping, In: Concepts of Underground Corrosion, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, p. 5-17 (1989).
- D.A. Jones, Principles and Prevention of Corrosion, Prentice Hall, edn. 2 (1996).
- R.L. Starkey and K.M. Wight, Corrosion, 3, 227 (1947); https://doi.org/10.5006/0010-9312-3.5.227.
References
R.W. Revie and H.H. Uhlig, Corrosion and Corrosion Control: An Introduction to Corrosion Science and Engineering, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New Jersey, edn 4, pp. 490 (2008).
J. Bhattarai, Frontiers of Corrosion Science, Kshitiz Publication, Kathmandu, Nepal, edn 1, p. 304 (2010).
M. Norin and T.-G. Vinka, Mater. Corros., 54, 641 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.200303680.
I.S. Cole and D. Marney, Corros. Sci., 56, 5 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2011.12.001.
K.H. Logan, Underground Corrosion, In: National Bureau of Standards Circular 450, the United States Department of Commerce, Government printing Office, Washington DC (1945).
I.A. Denison and M. Romanoff, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 49, 299 (1952); https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.049.031.
I.A. Denison and M. Romanoff, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 49, 315 (1952); https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.049.032.
M. Romanoff, Underground Corrosion, In: National Bureau of Standards Circular 579, the United States Department of Commerce, Government Printing Office, Washington DC (1957).
W.J. Schwerdtfeger, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Std.-C. Eng. Instr., 69C, 71 (1965); https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.069C.012.
A. Benmoussa, H. Hadjel and M. Traisnel, Mater. Corros., 57, 771 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.200503964.
R. Akkouche, C. R’emazeilles, M. Jeannin, M. Barbalat, R. Sabot and Ph. Refait, Electrochim. Acta, 213, 698 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.07.163.
R. Akkouche, C. R’emazeilles, M. Barbalat, R. Sabot, M. Jeannin and Ph. Refait, J. Electrochem. Soc., 164, C626 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0531712jes.
D. Thierry and W. Sand, ed.: P. Marcus, Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion, In: Corrosion Mechanisms in Theory and Practice, CRC Press, New York, pp. 563 (2002).
S.Y. Li, Y.G. Kim, K.S. Jeon, Y.T. Kho and T. Kang, Corrosion, 57, 815 (2001); https://doi.org/10.5006/1.3280616.
S. Arzola, J. Mendoza-Flores, R. Duran-Romero and J. Genesca, Corrosion, 62, 433 (2006); https://doi.org/10.5006/1.3278280.
T.R. Jack and M.J. Wilmott, ed: R.W. Revie, Corrosion in Soils, In: Uhlig’s Corrosion Handbook, The Electrochemical Society Inc. & Wiley, New Jersey, edn 3, pp. 333-349 (2011).
T.R. Jack, Biological Corrosion Failures, In: Failure Analysis and Prevention, ASM Handbook, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, vol. 11, pp. 881-898 (2002).
K.P. Dahal and J. Bhattarai, Study on the Soil Corrosivity Towards the Underground Pipes in Sinamangal-Baneshwor-Maitidevi-Bagbazar Roadway Areas of Kathmandu, Nepal, In: CORCON 2016 Proceedings, Publication of NIGIS/NACE, New Delhi, 2016 September 19-21, Paper No. PP-11, p. 1-8 (2016).
J. Bhattarai, D. Paudyal and K.P. Dahal, 17th Asian Pacific Corrosion Control Conference (APCCC17) Proceedings, Mumbai, India, Paper No. 17039, p. 1-12 (2016).
S.K. Regmi, K.P. Dahal and J. Bhattarai, Nepal J. Environ. Sci., 3, 15 (2015).
K.P. Dahal, D. KC and J. Bhattarai, BIBECHANA, 11, 94 (2014); https://doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v11i0.10387.
J. Bhattarai, Sci. World, 11, 43 (2013); https://doi.org/10.3126/sw.v11i11.8551.
M. Gautam and J. Bhattarai, Nepal J. Sci. Technol., 14, 65 (2013); https://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10417.
J. Bhattarai, Investigation of soil Parameters for their Corrosivity on Buried Galvanized Steel Pipelines used in Kathmandu Valley, Research Report, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology-NAST, Lalitpur, Nepal, pp. 41 (2013).
ASTM G51-95, Standard Test Method for Measuring pH of Soil for use in Corrosion Testing, In: Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, vol. 03.02 (2012).
ASTM D4959-07, Standard Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil by Direct Heating, In: Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, vol. 03.02 (2007).
ASTM G187-05, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Resistivity using Two-Electrode Soil Box Method, In: Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, vol. 03.02 (2005).
ASTM G200-09, Standard Test Method for Measurement of OxidationReduction Potential (Orp) of Soil, In: Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, vol. 03.02 (2009).
E. Escalante, eds.: V. Chaker and J.D. Palmer, Effect of Soil Characteristics on Corrosion, In: Concepts of Underground Corrosion, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, p. 81-94 (1989).
J.D. Palmer, eds.: V. Chaker and J.D. Palmer, Environmental Characteristics Controlling the Soil Corrosion of Ferrous Piping, In: Concepts of Underground Corrosion, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, p. 5-17 (1989).
D.A. Jones, Principles and Prevention of Corrosion, Prentice Hall, edn. 2 (1996).
R.L. Starkey and K.M. Wight, Corrosion, 3, 227 (1947); https://doi.org/10.5006/0010-9312-3.5.227.