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Characterization of Biodiesel Derived from Crude Oil of Pongamia sps. Grown in Tumkur District, India
Corresponding Author(s) : G. Panduranga Murthy
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 30 No. 5 (2018): Vol 30 Issue 5, 2018
Abstract
Pongamia is non-edible oil which contains several toxic and unsaponifiable components. The presence of these multifarious compositions makes the oil unsuitable for human consumption. However, Pongamia has high oil content (~ 40 %) and can grow on malnourished soils with low levels of nitrogen and high levels of salt, which prompts in becoming the focus of a number of biodiesel research programs. Generally, the oil is contaminated with high free fatty acids (FFAs) depending upon the moisture content in the seed during collection as well as oil expression. In addition, several advantages of Pongamia over other food crops are higher recovery and quality of oil than other crops. As a legume, it is also able to fix its own nitrogen from the soil and atmosphere minimising the need for added fertilisers. Interestingly, Pongamia tree with characteristic seeds containing promising oils and fatty acids suitable for biodiesel production. However, keeping these value-added points, in the current study, the base line survey was under taken to assess the pongamia cultivation in the study area. The seeds were collected from the village farmers during interaction and separated the seeds from pods using a suitable decorticator. Then, the seeds were subjected for oil extraction with a specific prototype of oil expeller and characterized physico-chemically. Further, the crude oil was subjected for transesterification using methanol and NaOH as a catalyst. The reaction mixture was varied in trials with respect to variable time and temperature. Ultimately, the conversion from oil to ester was found to be significant and the yield of biodiesel from high free fatty acid Karanja oil by this approach has been observed to be 96.6-97.8 %. The optimized production was achieved about 97.8% using a 4.8:1 molar ratio of oil with methanol at 90 ºC. Later, the obtained esterified oil (biodiesel) was subjected for physico-chemical characterization and compared with ASTM biodiesel standards. In conclusion, the pongamia esterified oil found to be most significant with respect to its optimized biodiesel production which can be recommended for the boosting of lively hood of rural farmers through value addition followed by the promising future of fuel industry.
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- D. Huang, H. Zhou and L. Lin, Energy Procedia, 16, 1874 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.01.287.
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References
D. Huang, H. Zhou and L. Lin, Energy Procedia, 16, 1874 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.01.287.
S. Jain and M.P. Sharma, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 14, 763 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.005.
M.K. Senthil, A. Ramesh and B. Nagalingam, J. Institute Energy, 74, 24 (2001).
G. Dwivedi, S. Jain and M.P. Sharma, Smart Grid Renew. Energy, 02, 184 (2011); https://doi.org/10.4236/sgre.2011.23022.
V.V. Prajapati, S. Ratnesh, M.T. Patel and G. Radhashyam, Int. J. Adv. Mechan. Eng., 7, 15 (2017).
S.K. Karmee and A. Chadha, Bioresour. Technol., 96, 1425 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.12.011.
P. Gogoi, Pongamia Oil-A Promising Source of Bio-Diesel, Assam University Press, Assam, India (2008).
N. Mukta and Y. Sreevalli, Ind. Crops Prod., 31, 1 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.09.004.
S. Sangwan, D.V. Rao and R.A. Sharma, Nat. Sci., 8, 1 (2010).
S.P. Wani and T.K. Sreedevi, Pongamia’s Journey from Forest to MicroEnterprise for Improving Livelihoods, Andhra University Press, Andhra Pradesh, India (1999).
P.T. Scott, L. Pregelj, N. Chen, J.S. Hadler, M.J. Djordjevic and P.M. Gresshoff, BioEnergy Res., 1, 2 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-008-9003-0.
V. Kesari, A. Das and L. Rangan, Biomass Bioenergy, 34, 108 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.10.006.
A.K. Agarwal, TERI Inform. Digest Energy, 83, 191 (1998).
A. Demirbas, Energy Convers. Manage., 43, 2349 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-8904(01)00170-4.
L.C. Meher, V.S.S. Dharmagadda and S.N. Naik, Bioresour. Technol., 97, 1392 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.07.003.
A. Demirbas, Energy Convers. Manage., 49, 125 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2007.05.002.
M. Mohibbeazam, A. Waris and N. Nahar, Biomass Bioenergy, 29, 293 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.05.001.
V. Lakshmikanthan, Tree Borne Oil Seeds, Directorate of Non-edible Oils and Soap Industry, Khadi and Village Industries Commission, Mumbai, India, p. 10 (1978).
F. Ma and M.A. Hanna, Bioresour. Technol., 70, 1 (1999); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00025-5.
L.C. Mehar, S.N. Naik and L.M. Das, J. Sci. Ind. Res. (India), 63, 193 (2004).
M. Atapour and H.-R. Kariminia, Appl. Energy, 88, 2377 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.01.014.
A.N. Phan and T.M. Phan, Fuel, 87, 3490 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.07.008.
H. Raheman and A.G. Phadatare, Bioenergy News, 7, 17 (2003).
H. Venkatesh Kamath, I. Regupathi and M.B. Saidutta, Fuel Process. Technol., 92, 100 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.09.003.