Copyright (c) 2018 AJC
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Preparation and Characterization of Thiourea-Silica Hybrid as Heterogeneous Catalyst
Corresponding Author(s) : Hayder Hamied Mihsen
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 30 No. 5 (2018): Vol 30 Issue 5, 2018
Abstract
Sodium silicate was prepared from rice husk ash (RHA), which then functionalized with 3-(chloropropyl)triethoxysilane via simple sol-gel technique to form RHACCl. The chloro group in RHACCl was replaced in iodo group to form RHACI. Thiourea was immobilized on RHACI to synthesize nanoheterogeneous catalyst labeled as RHATU-SO4H. The FT-IR analysis clearly indicated the presence of primary amine –NH2 and C-N absorption band. BET surface area measurement also showed that the surface area is 357 m2/g of catalyst with pore size distribution (2-20 nm) which falls within the mesoporous region. The elemental analysis has also proved the existence of nitrogen and sulfur in the structure of the catalyst. Upon application of RHATU-SO4H as a catalyst, the degradation of cellulose to glucose yields 81 % at 140 °C for 16 h. The synthesized catalyst is easy to synthesize, highly stable throughout hydrolysis of cellulose as well as reusability without loss of catalyst activity.
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- M. Balapour, A. Ramezanianpour and E. Hajibandeh, Constr. Build. Mater., 132, 470 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.017.
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- A.R.A. Javier, N.E. Lopez and J.B.P. Juanzon, Procedia Eng., 171, 543 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.369.
- S.H. Abbas, Ph.D. Thesis, Preparation and Immobilization of Palladium(II) and Nickel(II) Salen Complexes onto MCM-41 from Rice Husk for Suzuki Miyaura and Oxidation Reactions, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kualalumpur, Malaysia (2015).
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References
M. Balapour, A. Ramezanianpour and E. Hajibandeh, Constr. Build. Mater., 132, 470 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.017.
R. Blissett, R. Sommerville, N. Rowson, J. Jones and B. Laughlin, Fuel Process. Technol., 159, 247 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2017.01.046.
R.M. Mohamed, I.A. Mkhalid and M.A. Barakat, Arab. J. Chem., 8, 48 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.12.013.
A.R.A. Javier, N.E. Lopez and J.B.P. Juanzon, Procedia Eng., 171, 543 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.369.
S.H. Abbas, Ph.D. Thesis, Preparation and Immobilization of Palladium(II) and Nickel(II) Salen Complexes onto MCM-41 from Rice Husk for Suzuki Miyaura and Oxidation Reactions, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kualalumpur, Malaysia (2015).
F. Adam, K.M. Hello and H. Osman, Appl. Catal. A, 365, 165 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2009.06.013.
D. Pérez-Quintanilla, I. del Hierro, M. Fajardo and I. Sierra, J. Mater. Chem., 16, 1757 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1039/B518157G.
K.M. Hello, H.H. Mihsen, M.J. Mosa and M.S. Magtoof, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng., 46, 74 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2014.09.005.
K.B. Olanrewaju, Ph.D. Thesis, Reaction Kinetics of Cellulose Hydrolysis in Subcritical and Supercritical Water, University of Iowa (2012).
Y. Bin and C. Hongzhang, Bioresour. Technol., 101, 9114 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.07.033.
S. Wald, C.R. Wilke and H.W. Blanch, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 26, 221 (1984); https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260305.
J.P. Nayak, S. Kumar and J. Bera, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 356, 1447 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2010.04.041.
M.K. Naskar and M. Chatterjee, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 24, 3499 (2004); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2003.11.029.
F. Adam, H. Osman and K.M. Hello, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 331, 143 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2008.11.048.
I. Ahmed and R.V. Parish, J. Organomet. Chem., 452, 23 (1993); https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-328X(93)83167-T.
T.J. Al-Hasani, H.H. Mihsen, K.M. Hello and F. Adam, Arab. J. Chem., 10S1, s1492 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.04.030.
K.M. Hello, A.T. Mohammad and A.G. Sager, Waste Biomass Valoriz., 8, 2621 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9693-z.
D.W. Kim, C.W. Kim, J.C. Koh and D.W. Park, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 16, 474 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2010.01.054.
M. Thommes, Chem. Ingen. Tech., 82, 1059 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.201000064.
L.A.T. Bui, C.T. Chen, C.L. Hwang and W.S. Wu, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 19, 252 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-012-0547-9.
N. Thuadaij and A. Nuntiya, CMU J. Nat. Sci., 7, 59 (2008).
F. Adam, H.E. Hassan and K.M. Hello, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng., 43, 619 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2012.01.013.
L. Muniandy, F. Adam, A.R. Mohamed and E.P. Ng, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater., 197, 316 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2014.06.020.
A.M. Al-Sabagh, M.I. Abdou, M.A. Migahed, A.M. Fadl and M.F.ElShahat, Egypt. J. Petroleum; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.02.002.