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Copyright (c) 2014 G.E. Eldesoky1, Z.A. Alothman1, M. Naushad1
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Biochemical Changes Concerning the Effect of Synthetic Chocolate Flavor and Colour in Albino Rats
Corresponding Author(s) : G.E. Eldesoky1
Asian Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 26 No. 20 (2014)
Abstract
Colors in foods are an integral part of our culture and are also indispensable to modern day consumer. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of synthetic food colour as well as synthetic food flavor and its mixture of brown chocolate on some biochemical indices including, glutamate oxalacatate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) enzyme activities, total protein, lipid profile (total cholesterol and total triglycerides) in liver and blood of brown chocolate treated rats, also, determine blood glucose, hemoglobin, bilirubin and thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) in blood as well as liver glycogen of food additives treated rats. The results showed that blood sugar content of rats fed on synthetic food additive was elevated, which was accompanied by reduction in liver glycogen compared to the control rats. However, these treatments decreased total lipids and total cholesterol in both blood and liver. Contrary, transaminases (GOT and GPT) activities and protein level were enhanced in blood and liver by synthetic colour and flavor of chocolate. Hemoglobin, bilirubin and thyroid hormones (I4 and I3) were also elevated under the same treatments relative to the control. All these alteration were observed much greater by chocolate mixture than by chocolate flavor or colour. Also, liver was more affected than blood.
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- I.F. Gaunt, F.M.B. Carpanini, P. Grasso, I.S. Kiss and S.D. Gangolli, Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 10, 17 (1972).
- W. Herbst and K. Hunger, Industrial Organic Pigments: Production Properties, Applications, Verlagsgesellschaft MBH, Germany, edn 2 (1997).
- G.M. Hassan, Arab J. Biotechnol., 13, 13 (2009).
- H. Abou-El-Zahab and Z.G. El-Khyat, Pro-Boll Chemical Farm, 136, 615 (1979).
- G.E. Helal, A.M. Zaahkouk and A.H. Mekkaway, J. Hosp. Med., 1, 103 (2000).
- P. Mpountoukas, A. Pantazaki, E. Kostareli, P. Christodoulou, D. Kareli, S. Poliliou, C. Mourelatos, V. Lambropoulou and T. Lialiaris, Food Chem. Toxicol., 48, 2934 (2010).
- A. Moutaouakkil, Y. Zeroual, F. Zohra Dzayri, M. Talbi, K. Lee and M. Blaghen, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 413, 139 (2003).
- Food and Drug Administration,US Department of Health and Human Services. Food Ingredients and Colors, International Food Information Council (IFIC) and US Food and Drug Administration, Nov. 2004, revised April (2010).
- A. Das and A. Mukherjee, Int. J. Hum. Gen., 4, 277 (2004).
- C. Madsen, Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 4, 115 (1997)
- M. Tripathi, S.K. Khanna and M. Das, Food Contr., 18, 211 (2007).
- F.M. Clydesdale, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 33, 83 (1993).
- J.F. Borzelleaca, J. Hallaga and C. Resse, Food, Drug and Cosmetic Colours: Toxicological Consideration, ACS Symposium Series, 234, 311 (1983).
- A.E. Bawazir, J. Evol. Bio. Res., 4, 13 (2012).
- M.O. Elhkim, F. Héraud, N. Bemrah, F. Gauchard, T. Lorino, C. Lambré, J.M. Frémy and J.-M. Poul, Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 47, 308 (2007).
- W. Lane-Petter and A.E.G. Pearson, Dietary Requirements, In: The Laboratory Animal Principles and Practice, Academic press, London and New York, p. 142 (1971).
- FAO/WHO Toxicological Evaluation of Some Food Additives, Food Agricultural Organization of the United Nations and World and Health Organization, Rome (1974).
- A.M. Astoor and E.J. King, Biochem. J., 56, 125 (1954).
- B.N. Premachandra and I.I. Ibrahim, Clin. Chim. Acta, 70, 43 (1976).
- I.J.Chopra, R.S. No and R. Lam, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 80, 729 (1972).
- P.K. Joseph, A. Shauma and H. James, Powl. Clin. Chem., 18, 199 (1972).
- A.J. Chaurchami, W. Miller and J.D.B. Stein, Clin. Chem., 5, 609 (1959).
- E. Rerup and S. Lundquist, Acta Pharmic. Lox., 25, 47 (1967).
- L. Jendrassik, and P. Grof, Bilirubin Determination of Bilirubin in Blood Serum, edn. 7, Bray's Chin. Lab. Methods. Published by John D. Dauer, Philip, C. Ackermann and Gelson Toro-Sand Louis (1968), pp. 357 (1953).
- J.Y. Dacie and S.M. Lewis, Measurement of Hemoglobin Cyanmethemoglobin Method; In: Practical Hematology, Churchill Livingstone Edinburgh. London and New York, edn 5, pp. 32 (1975).
- R. Henry, Determination of Total Protein in Blood Serum, Clinical Chemistry Principles and Techniques. Harper Row, New York, pp. 182 (1964).
- S. Ritman and S. Frankel, Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 20, 56 (1957).
- D.M. Snedecor and W.G. Cochran, Statistical Methods, The Iowa Univ. Press, Ames, Iowa, USA (1967).
- I.F. Gaunt, P.G. Brantom, P. Grasso and I.S. Kiss, Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 11, 375 (1973).
- E.A. Abdel-Rahim, Y.A. Ashoush, A.S. Afify and E. Hewedl, J. Agric. Res., 13, 2001 (1988).
- F. De Ritis, Minerva Med., 49, 1757 (1958).
- S. Sherlock, Diseases of the Liver and Billary System, Blackwell, Scientific Publishers, Oxford, edn 5 (1975).
- S. Sharma, R.P. Goyal, G. Chakravarty and A. Sharma, J. Asian Exp. Sci., 19, 93 (2005).
- K.A. Amin, H. Abdel Hameid II and A.H. Abd Elsttar, Food Chem. Toxicol., 48, 2994 (2010).
- G.E. Helal, A.M. Zaahkouk and A.H. Mekkawy, Egypt. J. Hosp. Med., 1, 103 (2000).
- H.A. Mekkawy, M.G. Ali and A.M. El-Zawahry, Toxicol. Lett., 95, 155 (1998).
- K.A. Amin, H. Abdel Hameid II and A.H. Abd Elsttar, Food Chem. Toxicol., 48, 2994 (2010).
- H.G. Hers, Adv. Metab. Disord., 1, 2 (1964).
- W.A. Wood, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 35, 521 (1966).
- E.A. Abdel-Rahim, Y.A. Ashoush, A.S. Afify and E. Hewedl, J. Agric. Res., 14, 557 (1989).
- I. Himiri, S. Bellahcen, F. Souna, F. Belmekki, M. Aziz, M. Bnouham, Z. Berkia, H. Mekhfi and E. Saaluri, Int. J. Pharm. Pharmaceut. Sci., 3, 159 (2011).
- W.H. Hansen, K.J. Davis, S.L. Graham, C.H. Perry and K.H. Jacobson, Food Cosmect. Toxicol., 11, 535 (1973).
References
I.F. Gaunt, F.M.B. Carpanini, P. Grasso, I.S. Kiss and S.D. Gangolli, Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 10, 17 (1972).
W. Herbst and K. Hunger, Industrial Organic Pigments: Production Properties, Applications, Verlagsgesellschaft MBH, Germany, edn 2 (1997).
G.M. Hassan, Arab J. Biotechnol., 13, 13 (2009).
H. Abou-El-Zahab and Z.G. El-Khyat, Pro-Boll Chemical Farm, 136, 615 (1979).
G.E. Helal, A.M. Zaahkouk and A.H. Mekkaway, J. Hosp. Med., 1, 103 (2000).
P. Mpountoukas, A. Pantazaki, E. Kostareli, P. Christodoulou, D. Kareli, S. Poliliou, C. Mourelatos, V. Lambropoulou and T. Lialiaris, Food Chem. Toxicol., 48, 2934 (2010).
A. Moutaouakkil, Y. Zeroual, F. Zohra Dzayri, M. Talbi, K. Lee and M. Blaghen, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 413, 139 (2003).
Food and Drug Administration,US Department of Health and Human Services. Food Ingredients and Colors, International Food Information Council (IFIC) and US Food and Drug Administration, Nov. 2004, revised April (2010).
A. Das and A. Mukherjee, Int. J. Hum. Gen., 4, 277 (2004).
C. Madsen, Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 4, 115 (1997)
M. Tripathi, S.K. Khanna and M. Das, Food Contr., 18, 211 (2007).
F.M. Clydesdale, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 33, 83 (1993).
J.F. Borzelleaca, J. Hallaga and C. Resse, Food, Drug and Cosmetic Colours: Toxicological Consideration, ACS Symposium Series, 234, 311 (1983).
A.E. Bawazir, J. Evol. Bio. Res., 4, 13 (2012).
M.O. Elhkim, F. Héraud, N. Bemrah, F. Gauchard, T. Lorino, C. Lambré, J.M. Frémy and J.-M. Poul, Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 47, 308 (2007).
W. Lane-Petter and A.E.G. Pearson, Dietary Requirements, In: The Laboratory Animal Principles and Practice, Academic press, London and New York, p. 142 (1971).
FAO/WHO Toxicological Evaluation of Some Food Additives, Food Agricultural Organization of the United Nations and World and Health Organization, Rome (1974).
A.M. Astoor and E.J. King, Biochem. J., 56, 125 (1954).
B.N. Premachandra and I.I. Ibrahim, Clin. Chim. Acta, 70, 43 (1976).
I.J.Chopra, R.S. No and R. Lam, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 80, 729 (1972).
P.K. Joseph, A. Shauma and H. James, Powl. Clin. Chem., 18, 199 (1972).
A.J. Chaurchami, W. Miller and J.D.B. Stein, Clin. Chem., 5, 609 (1959).
E. Rerup and S. Lundquist, Acta Pharmic. Lox., 25, 47 (1967).
L. Jendrassik, and P. Grof, Bilirubin Determination of Bilirubin in Blood Serum, edn. 7, Bray's Chin. Lab. Methods. Published by John D. Dauer, Philip, C. Ackermann and Gelson Toro-Sand Louis (1968), pp. 357 (1953).
J.Y. Dacie and S.M. Lewis, Measurement of Hemoglobin Cyanmethemoglobin Method; In: Practical Hematology, Churchill Livingstone Edinburgh. London and New York, edn 5, pp. 32 (1975).
R. Henry, Determination of Total Protein in Blood Serum, Clinical Chemistry Principles and Techniques. Harper Row, New York, pp. 182 (1964).
S. Ritman and S. Frankel, Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 20, 56 (1957).
D.M. Snedecor and W.G. Cochran, Statistical Methods, The Iowa Univ. Press, Ames, Iowa, USA (1967).
I.F. Gaunt, P.G. Brantom, P. Grasso and I.S. Kiss, Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 11, 375 (1973).
E.A. Abdel-Rahim, Y.A. Ashoush, A.S. Afify and E. Hewedl, J. Agric. Res., 13, 2001 (1988).
F. De Ritis, Minerva Med., 49, 1757 (1958).
S. Sherlock, Diseases of the Liver and Billary System, Blackwell, Scientific Publishers, Oxford, edn 5 (1975).
S. Sharma, R.P. Goyal, G. Chakravarty and A. Sharma, J. Asian Exp. Sci., 19, 93 (2005).
K.A. Amin, H. Abdel Hameid II and A.H. Abd Elsttar, Food Chem. Toxicol., 48, 2994 (2010).
G.E. Helal, A.M. Zaahkouk and A.H. Mekkawy, Egypt. J. Hosp. Med., 1, 103 (2000).
H.A. Mekkawy, M.G. Ali and A.M. El-Zawahry, Toxicol. Lett., 95, 155 (1998).
K.A. Amin, H. Abdel Hameid II and A.H. Abd Elsttar, Food Chem. Toxicol., 48, 2994 (2010).
H.G. Hers, Adv. Metab. Disord., 1, 2 (1964).
W.A. Wood, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 35, 521 (1966).
E.A. Abdel-Rahim, Y.A. Ashoush, A.S. Afify and E. Hewedl, J. Agric. Res., 14, 557 (1989).
I. Himiri, S. Bellahcen, F. Souna, F. Belmekki, M. Aziz, M. Bnouham, Z. Berkia, H. Mekhfi and E. Saaluri, Int. J. Pharm. Pharmaceut. Sci., 3, 159 (2011).
W.H. Hansen, K.J. Davis, S.L. Graham, C.H. Perry and K.H. Jacobson, Food Cosmect. Toxicol., 11, 535 (1973).