Waste Bleaching Clay for Biodiesel through Base Catalyzed Transesterification of Residual Cotton Seed Oil

Zeeshan Ali; Amran Waheed; Hamid Iqbal; Syed Faheem Shah

doi:10.14233/ajchem.2016.19368

Issue

Vol. 28 No. 4 (2016): Vol 28 Issue 4

Issue Published : December 30, 2015

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Waste Bleaching Clay for Biodiesel through Base Catalyzed Transesterification of Residual Cotton Seed Oil

https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2016.19368

Zeeshan Ali

Applied Chemistry Research Center, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories, Complex, Shahrah-E- Jalal-ud-Din Roomi Road (Ferozepure Road), Lahore-54600, Pakistan

Amran Waheed

Applied Chemistry Research Center, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories, Complex, Shahrah-E- Jalal-ud-Din Roomi Road (Ferozepure Road), Lahore-54600, Pakistan

Hamid Iqbal

Applied Chemistry Research Center, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories, Complex, Shahrah-E- Jalal-ud-Din Roomi Road (Ferozepure Road), Lahore-54600, Pakistan

Syed Faheem Shah

Applied Chemistry Research Center, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories, Complex, Shahrah-E- Jalal-ud-Din Roomi Road (Ferozepure Road), Lahore-54600, Pakistan

Corresponding Author(s) : Zeeshan Ali

drzeeshan2009@yahoo.com

Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 28 No. 4 (2016): Vol 28 Issue 4
Article Published : January 7, 2016

Abstract

After processing of cotton seed oil the activated bleaching clay is converted to low valued waste bleaching clay. The chemical composition of activated bleaching clay from Mirpur, Pakistan is found out as; SiO₂ (71.34 %), Al₂O₃ (15.54 %), CaO (2.72 %), MgO (1.48 %), Na₂O (0.51 %), K₂O (0.23 %), Fe₂O₃ (0.02 %). The clay has bleachability (74 %) and oil retention (32.70 %) by standard method (ASTM). The cotton seed oil recovered with different polarity solvents (31.1-36.3 %) have different free fatty acid values (0.2-0.85). However, lower percentage of tri-esters (88 %) was found out in dark coloured recovered oil as compare to freshly n-hexane extracted cotton seed oil (92.5 %) from edible oil refinery. The lower free fatty acid (0.2) valued cotton seed oil recovered with n-hexane is transesterified at optimized conditions to mono alkyl esters. The reaction was optimized by performing series of experiments to observe molar concentrations: methanol-oil (3-18 : 1), oil-catalysts/NaOH/NaOCH₃/KOH/KOCH₃ (1.5-0.25), temperature (20-80 °C), mixing intensity (200-650 rpm) and reflux time (120 min). The maximum yield of biodiesel (98.5 %) has been found out by NaOCH₃ (1.00 %), methanol-oil (6:1) at 65 °C and stirring intensity (650 rpm). The properties of biodiesel are also under limits as per standards: ASTM 6751, EN 14214 and optimal methylation of recoverd oil appeared to be an acceptable feedstock for production of biodiesel as renewable fuel.

Keywords

Renewable energy Biofuel Methylation Transesterification Methaoxides

Ali, Z., Waheed, A., Iqbal, H., & Shah, S. F. (2016). Waste Bleaching Clay for Biodiesel through Base Catalyzed Transesterification of Residual Cotton Seed Oil. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 28(4), 725–732. https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2016.19368

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G. Antolin, F.V. Tinaut, Y. Briceno, V. Castano, C. Perez and A.I. Ramirez, Bioresour. Technol., 83, 111 (2002); doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00200-0.

G. Knothe, J.V. Gerpen and J. Krahl, Introduction in the Biodiesel Handbook, AOCS Press, Urbana, IL, pp. 1-3 (2005).

M.M. Gui, K.T. Lee and S. Bhatia, Energy, 33, 1646 (2008); doi:10.1016/j.energy.2008.06.002.

M.J. Haas and T.A. Foglia, Alternate Feedstocks and Technologies for Biodiesel Production, In: The Biodiesel Handbook, AOCS Press, Urbana, IL, pp. 42-61 (2005).

X. Meng, J. Yang, Z. Xu, L. Zhang, Q. Nie and M. Xian, Renew. Energy, 34, 1 (2009); doi:10.1016/j.renene.2008.04.014.

Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan, Ministry of Food & Agriculture, Government of Pakistan, p. 249, Table 169 (2008-09, 2009).

T. Mielke, Oil World Annual 2001, ISTA Mielke GmbH, Hamburg, Germany (2001).

F.D. Gunstone and J.L. Harwood, The Lipid Handbook, Boca Raton, CRC Press, FL, edn 3 (2007).

J.T.L. Ong, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 60, 314 (1983); doi:10.1007/BF02543510.

J.M. Encinar, J.F. Gonzalez and A. Rodriguez-Reinares, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44, 5491 (2005); doi:10.1021/ie040214f.

G. Knothe, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 83, 823 (2006); doi:10.1007/s11746-006-5033-y.

B. Freedman, E.H. Pryde and T.L. Mounts, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 61, 1638 (1984); doi:10.1007/BF02541649.

M. Çetinkaya and F. Karaosmanoǧlu, Energy Fuels, 18, 1888 (2004); doi:10.1021/ef049891c.

E. Lotero, Y. Liu, D.E. Lopez, K. Suwannakarn, D.A. Bruce and J.G. Goodwin,, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44, 5353 (2005); doi:10.1021/ie049157g.

D. Royon, M. Daz, G. Ellenrieder and S. Locatelli, Bioresour. Technol., 98, 648 (2007); doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2006.02.021.

AOCS, Official and Recommended Practices of the AOCS (1997).

Z. Ali, H.L. Siddiqui and S. Mahmud, J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 31, 131 (2009); Z. Ali, H.L. Siddiqui and S. Mahmood, Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 50, 377 (2007).

ASTM, American Standards for Testing of Materials (2007).

C.G. Lee, C.E. Seng and K.Y. Liew, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 77, 1219 (2000); doi:10.1007/s11746-000-0190-6.

F.D. Gunstone, Vegetable Oils in Food Technology, Properties and Uses, Blackwell Publishing Composition, CRC Press, USA (2000).

R. Alcantara, J. Amores, L. Canoira, E. Fidalgo, M.J. Franco and A. Navarro, Biomass Bioenergy, 18, 515 (2000); doi:10.1016/S0961-9534(00)00014-3.

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Y. Zhang, M.A. Dube, D.D. Mclean and M. Kates, Bioresour. Technol., 90, 229 (2003); doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00150-0.

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J.M. Encinar, J.F. González and A. Rodríguez-Reinares, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44, 5491 (2005); doi:10.1021/ie040214f.

H. Fukuda, A. Kondo and H. Noda, J. Biosci. Bioeng., 92, 405 (2001); doi:10.1016/S1389-1723(01)80288-7.

M.J. Goff, N.S. Bauer, S. Lopes, W.R. Sutterlin and G.J. Suppes, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 81, 415 (2004); doi:10.1007/s11746-004-0915-6.

N. Usta, Biomass Bioenergy, 28, 77 (2005); doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2004.06.004.

J.M. Encinar, J.F. Gonzalez, E. Sabio and M.J. Ramiro, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 38, 2927 (1999); doi:10.1021/ie990012x.

F. Karaosmanoglu, A. Akdag and K.B. Cigizoglu, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 61, 251 (1997); doi:10.1007/BF02787799.

F. Ma, L.D. Clements and M.A. Hanna, Bioresour. Technol., 69, 289 (1999); doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(98)00184-9.

C.L. Peterson, D.L. Reece, R. Cruz and J.Thompson, Proc. Altern. Energy Conf. ASAE, pp. 99-110 (1992).

Issue

Vol. 28 No. 4 (2016): Vol 28 Issue 4

Waste Bleaching Clay for Biodiesel through Base Catalyzed Transesterification of Residual Cotton Seed Oil

Corresponding Author(s) : Zeeshan Ali

Abstract

Keywords

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